Apuntes. Social Sciences Journal
type: channel
description: Apuntes. Revista de Ciencias Sociales is a biannual social science journal edited and published by the Research Center of the Universidad del Pacífico (Peru) since 1973. Its goal is to publish and disseminate empirical research studies about Latin America and Peru with an emphasis on social policies. Each issue of Apuntes has two sections. The first consists of articles based on original research and the second contains notes and reviews of recently published books. Apuntes is the only academic journal published by the University Press of the Universidad del Pacífico.
publisher: Universidad del Pacífico
language: en
publication name: Apuntes. Social Sciences Journal
issn: 0252-1865
copyright: Apuntes publishes all its articles and reviews under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license with the objective of promoting academic exchange worldwide. Therefore, articles and book reviews can be distributed, edited, amended, etc., as the author sees fit. The only condition is that the name of the author(s) and Apuntes. Revista de Ciencias Sociales (as the publisher) be cited.
items: From Washington to Madrid: The Latin American New Right’s Spin on History
items: Among the Archives: Professor Rory Miller’s Reflections on the Business History of Peru
items: Immigration Control and Corruption of Public Officials and the Entry of «Undesirable Immigrants» in Chile and Peru (1900-1930)
items: Rosemary Thorp (Inglaterra, 1940–2025). Entre el rigor de la historia económica y el compromiso con el desarrollo humano
items: Bruno Podestá Airaldi (Lima, 1946 - Montevideo, 2025): entre la reflexión académica y el servicio al Perú
items: Efraín Kristal (Lima, 1959 - Los Ángeles, 2025): sólida formación con un temperamento ágil
items: Las Ciencias Sociales en el siglo XXI a través de la mirada de sus investigadores
items: The role of digital news in shaping inflation expectations: Evidence from an emerging economy (Colombia, 2009-2018)
items: The Royal Treasury during the Peruvian Wars of Independence: A Historiographical Overview as a Starting Point
items: «Gota a Gota» Loans in Bogotá: An Analysis of Needs, Cognitive Biases, and Financial Exclusion
items: Relationship between civil construction and economic growth in Bolivia in the period 1990-2019
items: Military Intimacies: Peruvian Veterans and Narratives about Sex and Violence
items: Global Value Chains of Export in the Andean Community 2000-2015
items: Governance in Times of Minority: Coalitions, Fragmentation and the Legislative Branch in Contemporary Peru
items: Poverty, Coloniality, and Exclusion on the Dominican–Haitian Border: Hierarchies of Racialization and Structural Domination
items: Kinship and business: history of a family business group in Uruguay
items: China’s Political Stability as a Foundation for Stable Economic Growth: Key Lesson for Latin America
items: Intersectionality as an analytical tool for approaching psychosocial interventions in social psychology
items: Barriers of resistance to technological innovation in the consumption of banking products among older adults
items: Political polarization: A quantitative approach to the phenomenon in Argentina
items: The The Digitization of Latin American Immigrant Enterprises in Chile (2020-2022)
items: Policy capacities for driving sustainable development: A comparison of two regional governments in Peru
items: The COVID-19 pandemic and the permanence of non-Western medical traditions in the Peruvian Amazon in the 21st century
items: Public Institutional and Accountability in the Large Cooperative Sector in Chile
items: The Onset of Pandemic-Induced Isolation in Soup Kitchens in La Matanza, Buenos Aires Province: Between Words and Images
items: Left-wing economic ideas in the 2001 crisis: Formation of the first critical voices in the political economy of the Socialist Culture Club
items: eacher development policies as an official narrative of neoliberalism in Chile: A necessary contrast with teacher narratives. A necessary contrast with teacher narratives
items: Educational Policies, Pedagogical Orientations, and the Democratizing Promise of Public Education: Peru, 1821–2021
items: Influence of corruption and COVID-19 on economic growth in Latin America
items: The expansion of community kitchens in contemporary Argentina: the images that reflect the mirror

From Washington to Madrid: The Latin American New Right’s Spin on History
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description: This article argues that the Latin American new radical right differs from the neoliberal right of the 1990s through a major historical shift: whereas the neoliberalism of the Washington Consensus sought to overcome the past and embrace an ahistorical technocratic cosmopolitanism, the contemporary right, articulated around the Madrid Forum, reclaims history as a battleground for cultural and political struggle. The article identifies two key historical junctures that this new right reinterprets: the colonial past and the military dictatorships of the 1960s and 1970s. Drawing on the cases of Argentina, Brazil, Peru, Chile, Mexico, and Bolivia, the article shows how these reinterpretations of the past provide the intellectual foundations for a project that seeks to restrict and reconceptualize citizenship by excluding historically marginalized groups. It concludes that, despite its hegemonic ambitions, the radicalism of this discourse limits its ability to secure broad electoral majorities.
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creator: Camila Perochena
creator: Alberto Vergara
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Soledad Sevilla https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-07-31
publication date: 2026-07-31
doi: 10.21678/apuntes.101.3159

Among the Archives: Professor Rory Miller’s Reflections on the Business History of Peru
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description: This interview examines the academic career of business historian and Latin Americanist Rory Miller and his reflections on the development of business history in Latin America, with a focus on Peru. Drawing on research conducted since the 1970s, Miller analyzes historiographical gaps, documentary limitations, and perspectives within the field. A Ph.D. graduate of the University of Cambridge, he built a distinguished career at the University of Liverpool, where he taught and conducted research for four decades.
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creator: Ricardo Torres García
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Soledad Sevilla https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-07-31
publication date: 2026-07-31
doi: 10.21678/apuntes.101.3156

Immigration Control and Corruption of Public Officials and the Entry of «Undesirable Immigrants» in Chile and Peru (1900-1930)
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description: This article analyzes restrictive immigration policies in Chile and Peru (1900-1930) and the participation of public officials in the irregular entry of Chinese immigrants. It demonstrates, primarily through the analysis of consular archives, that despite both countries having different regulatory frameworks regarding immigration, both Peru and Chile experienced a flow of “undesirable Immigrants’ through fraudulent documentation and corruption of officials in Asian consulates, as well as in the main disembarkation ports.
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creator: Patricia Palma
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Patricia Palma https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-07-31
publication date: 2026-07-31
doi: 10.21678/apuntes.101.2920

Rosemary Thorp (Inglaterra, 1940–2025). Entre el rigor de la historia económica y el compromiso con el desarrollo humano
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subject: Obituaries
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creator: Martín Monsalve Zanatti
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Martín Monsalve Zanatti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-29
publication date: 2026-01-29
doi: 10.21678/apuntes.100.2959

Bruno Podestá Airaldi (Lima, 1946 - Montevideo, 2025): entre la reflexión académica y el servicio al Perú
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subject: Obituaries
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creator: Elizabeth González Porturas
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Elizabeth González Porturas https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-29
publication date: 2026-01-29
doi: 10.21678/apuntes.100.2958

Efraín Kristal (Lima, 1959 - Los Ángeles, 2025): sólida formación con un temperamento ágil
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subject: Obituaries
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creator: Jorge Wiesse Rebagliati
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Jorge Wiesse Rebagliati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-29
publication date: 2026-01-29
doi: 10.21678/apuntes.100.2957

Las Ciencias Sociales en el siglo XXI a través de la mirada de sus investigadores
type: item
subject: Tinta y Cátedra
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rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Soledad Sevilla https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-29
publication date: 2026-01-29
doi: 10.21678/apuntes.100.2954

The role of digital news in shaping inflation expectations: Evidence from an emerging economy (Colombia, 2009-2018)
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description: The aim of this paper is to investigate the effects of digital mass media on the formation of inflation expectations. In particular, this paper assesses the effects of digital news on inflation on disagreements in consumer inflation expectations. For this, the Colombian economy for the period 2009-2018 is used as a case study. The methodology used consists of evaluating the effects of the news on inflation provided by five representative digital newspapers on the disagreements. By means of econometric regressions, and using the GMM method, the largest volume of news on inflation is found, as well as news on increases and with a negative tone on inflation, have the ability to reduce discrepancies between agents
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creator: Juan Camilo Anzoátegui
creator: Juan Camilo Galvis Ciro
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Juan Camilo Anzoategui https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-29
publication date: 2026-01-29
doi: 10.21678/apuntes.100.2255

The Royal Treasury during the Peruvian Wars of Independence: A Historiographical Overview as a Starting Point
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description: In the context of the commemoration of the bicentennial of Peru’s independence, a wide range of research has been conducted analyzing this process from political, social, cultural, economic, and other perspectives. Despite this, one of the topics that has received little attention within historiography on Peru has been taxation and the mechanisms by which resources were obtained for the Royal Treasury in a context of political chaos following the wars of independence. In this regard, we propose to conduct a historiographical overview that will aim to present the current state of treasury and fiscal historiography developed in Peru during the wars of independence until its consolidation in 1824, placing emphasis primarily on the realistic side of the conflict. Based on this analysis, we will seek to identify new thematic areas that will allow for the advancement and development of the historiography on the Peruvian Treasury.
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creator: Jesús Yarango Velásquez
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Jesús Yarango Velásquez https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-07-31
publication date: 2026-07-31
doi: 10.21678/apuntes.101.2894

«Gota a Gota» Loans in Bogotá: An Analysis of Needs, Cognitive Biases, and Financial Exclusion
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description: This study analyzes the determining factors leading marketplace vendors in Bogotá to choose informal «gota a gota» loans. The research characterizes the formal and informal markets, identifies the influence of cognitive biases (such as hyperbolic discounting) and social trust dynamics, examines limitations in financial education, and evaluates the competitiveness of formal microcredit. Through interviews with representatives of the financial sector and vendor surveys, key obstacles are identified, including excessive bureaucracy, urgent liquidity needs, and self-exclusion from the banking system. The findings confirm that the persistence of this financing stems from a complex interaction of structural barriers, behavioral preferences for immediacy, and social trust networks. It concludes by highlighting the need for financial inclusion policies that integrate education, process simplification, and behavioral design.
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creator: Edwin López Rivera
creator: Olga Lucia Manrique Chaparro
creator: Salomón Kalmanovitz Krauter
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Edwin López Rivera https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-07-31
publication date: 2026-07-31
doi: 10.21678/apuntes.101.2604

Relationship between civil construction and economic growth in Bolivia in the period 1990-2019
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description: This article aims to analyze the relationship between the civil construction sector and its results in the economic growth indicators of Bolivia, in order to determine the impact that this sector has on the economic development of Bolivia. The methodology consisted in the compilation of economic information for the last 30 years (1990-2019), on the relationship of civil construction with the Gross Domestic Product (GDP); variation of the GDP growth rate; Gross Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF); public investment in the infrastructure sector and employment generated. The results show that there are direct and significant relationships between construction and various economic indicators in Bolivia, reflecting the importance of this industry in national economic growth. The provision of economic policies is necessary for sustained growth in this sector.
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creator: Joaquin Humberto Aquino Rocha
creator: Nahúm Gamalier Cayo Chileno
creator: Céreny Laura Velasquez Linneo
creator: Giovana Silvia Cachaca Tapia
creator: Fabrizio Andres Gonzales León
creator: Andres Cardoso Velasco
creator: Valeria Coral Rodríguez García
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Joaquin Humberto Aquino Rocha, Nahúm Gamalier Cayo Chileno, Céreny Laura Velasquez Linneo, Giovana Silvia Cachaca Tapia, Fabrizio Andres Gonzales Leon, Andres Cardoso Velasco, Valeria Coral Rodriguez Garcia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-29
publication date: 2026-01-29
doi: 10.21678/apuntes.100.2850

Military Intimacies: Peruvian Veterans and Narratives about Sex and Violence
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description: Este artículo fue publicado primero en inglés con el título «Military Intimacies: Peruvian Veterans and Narratives about Sex and Violence» en la revista Latin American Research Review, 58(4) (2023), 762-778. Este artículo explora cómo el sexo y la violencia formaron parte de la cotidianidad de los soldados en las fuerzas armadas peruanas durante el conflicto armado interno entre 1980 y 2000. Entrevistas en profundidad realizadas con veteranos indican la importancia del sexo y la violencia en la experiencia de los soldados del proceso de conversión en combatientes. El artículo analiza la ambigüedad en las narrativas de los soldados sobre el sexo y la violencia, la coerción y el consentimiento, y cómo están implicados tanto en ser objeto de la violencia sexualizada como en ejecutarla. En particular, el artículo analiza los relatos de veteranos sobre experiencias colectivas de rituales de iniciación sexualizados, abuso de mujeres y niñas, pornografía y prostitución, y referencias a violaciones en grupo. Los soldados, mientras están en el ejército, experimentan intimidad a través de prácticas performativas de sexo y violencia que afectan profundamente su interacción entre ellos y la violencia que perpetran contra las poblaciones enemigas. Estas intimidades militares, alentadas a través de prácticas institucionales y culturales, ayudan a explicar la prevalencia de la violencia sexual generalizada durante el conflicto.
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creator: Jelke Boesten
creator: Lurgio Gavilán
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Jelke Boesten, Lurgio Gavilán http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-30
publication date: 2025-07-30
doi: 10.21678/apuntes.99.2776

Global Value Chains of Export in the Andean Community 2000-2015
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description: This study estimates eight standard indicators of Global Value Chains (GVCs) in the four member countries of the Andean Community (CAN) for the years 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2015. The evidence suggests that most GVCs in the region are of the simple type, as a significant portion of exportable goods is used as intermediate inputs in trade among partner countries within the region. Consequently, the CAN's participation in complex GVCs –those in which export products cross borders at least twice– remains limited. Exploring the development of complex GVCs represents a key opportunity to diversify the export capacity of the Andean Community.
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creator: Mario D. Tello
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Mario Delfín Delfin Tello https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-29
publication date: 2026-01-29
doi: 10.21678/apuntes.100.2355

Governance in Times of Minority: Coalitions, Fragmentation and the Legislative Branch in Contemporary Peru
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description: This article analyzes the evolution of relations between the executive and legislative branches in Peru between 2001 and 2022 in a context marked by the low institutionalization of the party system, parliamentary fragmentation, and a presidential form of government with parliamentary features. Based on a qualitative-descriptive methodological strategy and the use of legislative and partisan indicators, three distinct stages were identified in that period: an initial stage of relative cooperation (2001-2011), a stage of growing presidential isolation (2011-2016) and a final stage of open confrontation between powers (2016-2022), characterized by governmental instability and various constitutional crises. The central hypothesis argues that the Peruvian presidential variant, together with the constant existence of minority governments and scarce democratic commitment on the part of key actors in both branches of government, generated conditions conducive to political deadlock and institutional weakening. The findings allow us to affirm that, although the formal rules were not significantly modified, the political system mutated towards a more conflictive model, in which Congress acquired a leading role, often obstructive, affecting democratic governance. This study contributes to the debate on the relationship between institutional design, the behavior of the main political actors, and democratic stability in fragmented presidential regimes, especially in the context of weak party institutionalization.
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creator: Ignacio Garcia Marin
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Ignacio Garcia Marin http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-30
publication date: 2025-07-30
doi: 10.21678/apuntes.99.2733

Poverty, Coloniality, and Exclusion on the Dominican–Haitian Border: Hierarchies of Racialization and Structural Domination
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description: This study examines the intersection of poverty, coloniality, and exclusion in impoverished communities along the Dominican-Haitian border. Using a mixed-methods approach, it analyzes the historical and structural mechanisms that perpetuate poverty and maintain racial, economic, and social hierarchies. Findings reveal that poverty in this region is not merely an economic condition, but a system of colonial exclusion reinforced by racialization, labor exploitation, state authority, gender subordination, and epistemic marginalization. Moreover, poverty is strongly associated with Blackness, with «the Haitian one does not want to be», reinforcing the link between racial exclusion and socioeconomic precarity. Results show that 63,3% of Dominicans identify as «Indio» in various shades, while only 2,75% recognize African ancestry. Additionally, 79% claim Spanish ancestry, reinforcing disassociation from African roots. Economically, poverty persists as Haitians and their descendants have limited access to formal employment and earn significantly lower wages. Regarding state control, 58% of Haitians have been detained at least once in the last two years, reflecting necropolitical control mechanisms. Epistemic marginalization is also evident, with 73,9% believing Haitian practices are incompatible with Dominican identity, further reinforcing economic and social exclusion. The study concludes that it is essential to revise historical narratives, develop inclusive policies, and decolonize knowledge systems to address these structural inequalities, with a particular focus on reducing poverty through equitable access to economic and labor resources.
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creator: Juan Luis Corporán
creator: Jenny Torres
creator: Santiago Gallur Santorun
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Juan Luis Corporán, Jenny Nathaly Torres Gómez, Santiago Gallur Santorun https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-07-31
publication date: 2026-07-31
doi: 10.21678/apuntes.101.2720

Kinship and business: history of a family business group in Uruguay
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description: This article analyzes the trajectory of the Strauch economic group in Uruguay. It is based on an approach that combines business dynamics with family dynamics, taking contributions from economic history, economic sociology and anthropology. The research is based on various documentary sources that allowed the reconstruction of the family structure, the business links and the trajectory of both dimensions in the long term. The analysis shows how marital alliances functioned as mechanisms of business expansion, patrimonial accumulation and social capital. It also emerges that business diversification not only responded to economic criteria or the national context, but also to the pressures of the family structure. The Strauch case illustrates the resilience and adaptation capacity of this type of Uruguayan economic groups in the face of institutional changes and economic crises, as well as the strategies implemented to face the challenges of generational transfer. As a specific case, this paper contributes to the understanding of the particular dynamics of family economic groups in Uruguay by providing elements for a regional comparative analysis.
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creator: Juan Geymonat
creator: Santiago Sahagian
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Juan Geymonat https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-07-31
publication date: 2026-07-31
doi: 10.21678/apuntes.101.2693

China’s Political Stability as a Foundation for Stable Economic Growth: Key Lesson for Latin America
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description: This study examines how political stability shapes long-term eco­nomic growth by comparing China with seven major Latin American eco­nomies. China—unlike Latin American countries, where political volatility disrupts planning and limits the effectiveness of state policies—demonstrates a consistent and structurally embedded form of stability characterized not by highest absolute scores but by institutional continuity and the capacity to implement long-term policies. Using panel data models—including pooled, fixed effects, random effects, and mixed effects—the study employs regional dummy variables and interaction terms to capture the context-dependent effects of political stability on growth. The results show that political stability plays a decisive role in China’s sustained economic expansion, supporting investment, infrastructure development, and policy continuity, whereas in Latin America, frequent political shifts weaken state capacity and prevent stability alone from producing sustained growth. By highlighting these diver­gent dynamics, the article clarifies how China’s model provides practicable lessons for Latin America: the contribution of stability to growth depends on consistency, predictability, and institutional embeddedness rather than absolute levels alone. The findings offer targeted policy insights, emphasizing that Latin American countries must strengthen governance structures and long-term policy frameworks to achieve sustainable economic development.
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creator: Jhon Valdiglesias
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Jhon Valdiglesias https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-07-31
publication date: 2026-07-31
doi: 10.21678/apuntes.101.2594

Intersectionality as an analytical tool for approaching psychosocial interventions in social psychology
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description: Intersectionality is a tool that allows analyzing the relationship in which different axes of social categorization such as gender, sexuality, ethnicity, class, functional diversity, age or level of education, among others, are intertwined in a complex manner in the processes of domination. Likewise, it is evident that in the field of psychology intersectionality is a novel concept and it is expected to progressively transform the most traditional psychological practices and perspectives. This review seeks to recognize the concept of intersectionality assumed by the field of social psychology, from the psychosocial intervention in Colombia, whose contribution contributes to the comprehensive and situated understanding of the realities of oppression and privilege, which social groups in the country experience on a daily basis. The methodological design proposed is one with a qualitative approach, and corresponds to a literature review, using the web tool Tree of Science (ToS), which uses the structure of the citation network to identify relevant literature. The findings found in the literature review indicate that Social Psychology has assumed intersectionality and has considered it as an approach that allows guiding the analysis and reflections on social categorization, stereotypes, stigmatization, inequality and social justice. Intersectionality allows social and community psychologists to understand and take action, in a comprehensive manner, on the different structural problems experienced in Colombia such as: violence resulting from the armed conflict, femicides and gender violence, migration, police and institutional abuses and discrimination.
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creator: María Cristina Correa Duque
creator: Marelin Julieth Díaz Flórez
creator: Juanita Díaz López
creator: Pámela Santa Montoya
creator: Anyerson Stiths Gómez-Tabares
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 MARÍA CRISTINA CORREA DUQUE, MARELIN JULIETH DÍAZ FLÓREZ, JUANITA DÍAZ LÓPEZ, PÁMELA SANTA MONTOYA, ANYERSON STITHS GÓMEZ-TABARES https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-29
publication date: 2026-01-29
doi: 10.21678/apuntes.100.2249

Barriers of resistance to technological innovation in the consumption of banking products among older adults
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description: The main objective of this research was to identify the way in which the barriers of resistance to technological innovation are manifested by older adults as consumers in the banking sector. For this purpose, an exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis was used, based on the application of a survey to 502 older adults living in the city of Bogotá, Colombia. The results made it possible to consolidate a multidimensional model of the barriers to resistance to technological innovation for the consumption of banking products in older adults, which was made up of barriers of use, risk, traditions and image. In conclusion, and from the consolidation of this model, banking institutions can use this proposal to develop policies that promote the financial and digital inclusion of older adults, addressing the psychological and functional barriers to the construction of a particular value proposition for this market segment.
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creator: Campo Elías López-Rodríguez
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Campo Elías López-Rodríguez https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-29
publication date: 2026-01-29
doi: 10.21678/apuntes.100.2271

Political polarization: A quantitative approach to the phenomenon in Argentina
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description: This work aims to analyse political polarization in Argentina during the period 1993-2019. The phenomenon is approached from a multidimensional perspective that considers the historical, theoretical, and practical aspects of the phenomenon. To achieve this, we consider political cleavages, local party dynamics, and the prevailing presidential system in the country. The hypothesis being considered is that political polarization is a phenomenon that ought to be examined within the institutional rules of a country's democratic system, while also considering the impact of historical political processes upon it. Data collection is based on a combination of primary and secondary sources, utilizing both qualitative and quantitative methods to compile and analyse the attitudes of both official and non-official political blocs in legislative decisions. Through this research, we aim to deepen the understanding of political polarization in Argentina, emphasizing its influence on the functioning of democracy and its evolution over nearly three decades. Additionally, we seek to elucidate the role that polarization plays in the political system and how it affects the capacity for consensus in the legislative and executive branches of government.
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creator: Maximiliano Ivickas Magallan
creator: Jose Manuel Rodriguez Torrez
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Maximiliano Ivickas Magallan, Jose Manuel Rodriguez Torrez https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-29
publication date: 2026-01-29
doi: 10.21678/apuntes.100.2245

The The Digitization of Latin American Immigrant Enterprises in Chile (2020-2022)
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description: The digital platform economy is transforming the nature of work. Alongside the large companies that promote change, there are precarious subordinate groups that reinforce the restructuring. One of these was the Latin American women of the Migrant Woman Entrepreneur: Collaborative Growth Community (MWECGC) program in Chile. Therefore, the general objective of the research is to analyze the mode of insertion of these women into the digital economy of Chile and to elucidate the labor profile of the group before and after their arrival in the country. Starting from the hypothesis that the crossing of individual biographies with the socio-economic context are fundamental for the development of the enterprise, a Netnography was carried out with 49 women who participated in the project. The results show that the confluence of individual and contextual factors produced four types of female entrepreneurs. The conclusions suggest that the digitization of entrepreneurship does not guarantee its visibility and reach, relativizing the supposed democratizing potential of the platforms.
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creator: Catalina Marcela Ramírez
creator: José Julian Soto Lara
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Catalina Marcela Ramírez, José Julian Soto Lara, jjsotolara http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-30
publication date: 2025-07-30
doi: 10.21678/apuntes.99.2215

Policy capacities for driving sustainable development: A comparison of two regional governments in Peru
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description: Twenty years after the creation of Peruvian regional governments (GOREs), this research identifies factors that can explain the attainment of different levels of policy capacities for development, starting from similar regulatory and organizational frameworks. The study examines the markedly different capacities achieved by two Amazonian regional governments (GOREs) by 2018: San Martín and Madre de Dios. The findings suggest that structural and institutional factors that predate the creation of these governments are fundamental to understanding their distinct trajectories, to an equal or greater extent than decisions by regional actors or rules applied since the creation of GOREs.
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creator: Gonzalo Alcalde
creator: Mario Bazán
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Gonzalo Alcalde http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-30
publication date: 2025-07-30
doi: 10.21678/apuntes.99.2250

The COVID-19 pandemic and the permanence of non-Western medical traditions in the Peruvian Amazon in the 21st century
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description: The COVID-19 pandemic demonstrated that in 21st century Peru, different ways of understanding the origin of diseases coexist, as well as variety in the treatments that should be followed in the event of a pandemic crisis. Along with modern Western medicine based on science, practiced in hospitals and clinics, and historically supported by the Peruvian State, there are indigenous Andean and Amazonian medical traditions, visions more linked to the religious and spiritual, self-medication, as well as denialist positions. The objective of this research is to analyze the explanations and responses given to COVID-19 in the Peruvian Amazon, specifically to show the permanence of traditional ideas in health despite state efforts to westernize health throughout Republican history.
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creator: Jorge Luis Lossio Chavez
creator: Isaí Gálvez
creator: Diego Ortiz
creator: Nashely Yuvitza Lizarme Villcas
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Jorge Luis Lossio Chavez, Dr., Isaí Gálvez, Diego Ortiz, Nashely Yuvitza Lizarme Villcas https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-29
publication date: 2026-01-29
doi: 10.21678/apuntes.100.2504

Public Institutional and Accountability in the Large Cooperative Sector in Chile
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description: Through this study, the performance of cooperative entities in Chile regarding accountability, specifically in the practices of financial report publication, has been assessed. The study focuses on the so-called economically significant cooperatives, employing a mixed research method that combines techniques from qualitative research such as documentary analysis and interviews, along with quantitative research techniques involving the construction of compliance indicators related to accountability. The research spans a period of eight years, from 2015 to 2022. The main finding of the study is that, despite the considerable dynamism in Chile’s institutional framework regulating and promoting cooperative sector activities since 2013, cooperatives exhibit a low level of compliance in terms of publishing their financial statements.
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creator: Alejandro Andrés Díaz
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Alejandro Andres Diaz http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-30
publication date: 2025-07-30
doi: 10.21678/apuntes.99.2233

The Onset of Pandemic-Induced Isolation in Soup Kitchens in La Matanza, Buenos Aires Province: Between Words and Images
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description: In the context of the pandemic, the State has assisted the population through multiple interventions, among which are the resources provided and the protocols destined to soup kitchens, which have played a central role in alleviating the socioeconomic consequences since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. This article seeks to identify the transformations in these spaces La Matanza (Argentina) during the pandemic. From a virtual ethnography on Facebook, textual narratives and images, in societies crossed by information technologies, establish new dynamics of social exchange, which allow us to describe the transformations implied by the beginning of isolation in these spaces.
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creator: Constanza Faracce Macia
creator: Andrea Dettano
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Constanza Faracce Macia, Andrea Dettano http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-30
publication date: 2025-07-30
doi: 10.21678/apuntes.99.2248

Left-wing economic ideas in the 2001 crisis: Formation of the first critical voices in the political economy of the Socialist Culture Club
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description: The Socialist Culture Club (CCS) (1984-2008) and the magazine La Ciudad Futura (LCF) were two significant areas of discussion of the so-called democratic left in post-dictatorial Argentina. Renowned intellectuals participated in both spaces, who even coincided in both instances, promoting debate on the political, cultural and economic situation for more than twenty years. This article investigates the economic discussions developed in the Club and in LCF in the context of socioeconomic decomposition of the government of Fernando de la Rúa (1999-2001). The main archival material used were the recorded meetings of the CCS and the LCF articles, focusing on the political-economic debate that took place in parallel in both instances. As could be seen, the economic debate became relevant in the years of the 2001 crisis and given the scarcity of economists in both spaces, specialists were sought to contribute to the debate in this field. Thus, the issue surrounding the economy, considering the critical context that was being experienced, motivated the first questions about the convertibility model in democratic socialism, bringing to debate economic ideas discredited during the nineties such as State intervention, exchange control, industrial insertion, among others.
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creator: Ignacio Andrés Rossi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Ignacio Andrés Rossi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-30
publication date: 2025-07-30
doi: 10.21678/apuntes.99.2269

eacher development policies as an official narrative of neoliberalism in Chile: A necessary contrast with teacher narratives. A necessary contrast with teacher narratives
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description: This study analyzes teacher development policies in contrast with the daily narratives of three teachers in Chile, who have had to overcome critical events in their teaching. A narrative study was conducted with interviews at two points in time (2017 and 2021). The results show discordance of both narratives and the scarce relevance of the policy for teacher professionalization. The relationship with the forms of counter-hegemony to educational neoliberalism, and the distance of educational policies from the personal dimensions of the teaching profession are discussed.
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creator: Claudia Carrasco-Aguilar
creator: Eduardo Cavieres-Fernández
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Claudia Carrasco-Aguilar, Eduardo Cavieres-Fernández http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-30
publication date: 2025-07-30
doi: 10.21678/apuntes.99.2270

Educational Policies, Pedagogical Orientations, and the Democratizing Promise of Public Education: Peru, 1821–2021
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description: The article covers two centuries of the history of public education in Peru, focusing on the relationship between the intellectual and political debates on education and pedagogical orientations, social dynamics, government initiatives, and the characteristics of the implementation of educational policies. We examine the political and cultural tensions in defining the orientations of education between 1821 and 1905, and their continuity from 1905 to the beginning of the 1950s, the relationship with external pedagogical trends, as well as the influence of indigenism on educational policies. Next, we study the confluence between the developmentalist discourse, the expansion of the State and the demands of new political forces, driving the massification of education until the end of the twentieth century. We conclude with the educational policies in this century, that fail to solve factors of exclusion, or the impoverishing effects of corruption.
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creator: Patricia Oliart
creator: Mercedes Giesecke
creator: César Guadalupe
creator: G. Antonio Espinoza
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Patricia Oliart Sotomayor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-01-24
publication date: 2025-01-24
doi: 10.21678/apuntes.98.2358

Influence of corruption and COVID-19 on economic growth in Latin America
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description: During the first two decades of the 21st century, Latin America, within the context of a slowdown in per capita gross domestic product growth, experienced, in a relatively opposite sense, two phenomena of great significance: the increase in corruption and the COVID-19 pandemic. In this scenario, the level and evolution of these variables showed great regional heterogeneity between countries. Therefore, the main objective of this research is to determine the influence of corruption on the economic growth of Latin American countries; and to specify whether there is a unidirectional or bidirectional causal relationship between the two. It should be noted that part of this objective is also to determine the impact of COVID-19 on said economic growth. To achieve the stated objectives, with panel data information, econometric regressions were carried out with grouped OLS models, fixed, random and mixed effects. Furthermore, the Granger test was used to specify the type of causality between corruption and growth. According to the result obtained by the random effects model, which was chosen as the most appropriate model, corruption negatively affected the economic growth process in Latin America, such that, for each point of increase in the corruption index, there was approximately a 2% drop in the gross domestic product per capita. On the other hand, the Granger test indicated a strong causality from corruption to economic growth and a slight causality from economic growth to corruption, so that the relationship between these two variables is bidirectional. Likewise, the existence of an inverse relationship between the magnitude of COVID-19 and economic growth was determined, thus, the Latin American countries that experienced the greatest drop in their production level were those affected by the COVID-19 pandemic with greater intensity.
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creator: Juan Celestino León Mendoza
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Juan Celestino León Mendoza https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-07-31
publication date: 2026-07-31
doi: 10.21678/apuntes.101.2450

The expansion of community kitchens in contemporary Argentina: the images that reflect the mirror
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description: The article analyzes the expansion of community kitchens in contemporary Argentina as a response to broader socio-economic processes linked to increasing poverty and social exclusion in urban contexts. It is based on a qualitative methodology that combines individual research carried out in popular neighborhoods in the city of Cordoba with a migrant population, and a collective study developed in the same city with women who lead community kitchens. The main findings show, on the one hand, the persistent difficulties encountered by low-income families (natives and migrants) to ensure their subsistence and, on the other hand, the forms of collective organization that are emerging from the urban margins to generate more dignified life sustainability strategies.
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creator: María José Magliano
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 María José Magliano http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-01-07
publication date: 2025-01-07
doi: 10.21678/apuntes.98.2222