Forseti. Law Review
type: channel
description: Forseti. Revista de Derecho is a biannual journal with legal content edited by the University of the Pacific Law School Alumni Association, Derup Editores. The objective of the Journal is to disseminate and promote legal knowledge of free access in Peru. Our publications have two sections. The first consists of unpublished legal articles of an academic nature, while the second consists of case law, arbitral awards or important administrative resolutions.
publisher: DERUP Editores
language: en
publication name: Forseti. Law Review
issn: 2617-2151
items: El derecho a reusar los datos personales ante las entidades del sector público
items: Crisis del órgano de apelación de la OMC: Reforma del ESD
items: Cláusulas penales y protección al consumidor: Desentrañando el análisis de abusividad en la contratación inmobiliaria de masa
items: Infraestructura para la provisión de los servicios de saneamiento: Diagnóstico, rol de las asociaciones público-privadas y recomendaciones para el cierre de brechas
items: El requerimiento en la Ley General de Contrataciones Públicas: nuevas perspectivas y desafíos
items: El reciclaje de activos como estrategia de segunda generación de Asociaciones Público-Privadas en el Perú
items: Control judicial y tutela jurisdiccional en la contratación pública: el proceso contencioso administrativo frente a las decisiones del Tribunal de Contrataciones Públicas
items: La etapa fundacional del Derecho Administrativo ha concluido
items: Crime prevention based on artificial intelligence: Reflections on the right to equality
items: Protection of fundamental rights in the face of new technologies: a comparative study of Chile, Mexico, Colombia, Ecuador, Bolivia, and Peru
items: Natural biases in algorithmic programming: challenges and difficulties for the application of automated systems in law
items: Criminality in the age of ChatGPT: Analysis of the use of artificial intelligence as a criminal aggravating factor in Peru
items: Digital divides and artificial intelligence: Challenges in access to justice
items: Artificial Intelligence in Digital Advertising: Regulatory Challenges and Consumer Rights Protection
items: Synthetic data and advertising: legal challenges in the use of artificial intelligence in advertising campaigns
items: Digital assets and their legal treatment at the national level from the perspective of private law
items: Smart contracts and blockchain in the sale of future real estate: the end of pre-sale scams?
items: The constitutional positivization of neuro-rights in the Peruvian legal system
items: Ethical considerations in the implementation of artificial intelligence systems for personnel selection and recruitment
items: From harassment to abuse in the context of sexual violence in cyberspace
items: Opaque algorithms and differential privacy: can there be transparency without compromising protection?
items: The digital economy and the right to monetize information: A possible path forward
items: Black box arbitrators? Limits on the use of generative artificial intelligence in arbitration under the principle of the non-delegability of the arbitral function
items: Beyond the recent change of opinion by the Tax Administration, what is the correct way to classify a service as digital for income tax purposes?
items: Justice and algorithms: An ethical and legal analysis of Law 31814 on artificial intelligence in Peru
items: Expert systems in the Peruvian judiciary: The case of Amauta Pro
items: The use of big data in electoral processes. Does suffrage represent the true will of the people? A look from the perspective of the Argentine legal system
items: The growing use of emerging digital technologies in administrative procedures: From automated administrative actions to algorithmic transparency
items: In administrative sanctioning procedures initiated by the OEFA, does the filing of appeals suspend the accrual of interest? Apparently, no longer
items: Tax reform in the Value Added Tax (VAT) with respect to digital services in Peru

El derecho a reusar los datos personales ante las entidades del sector público
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description: The article examines whether the reuse of personal data, through portability, can be required of Peruvian public entities. It analyzes the concepts of portability and interoperability, current regulations, public and private digital services, and the new Regulation of Law No. 29733, proposing an interpretation aligned with the personal data protection regime in the public sector.
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creator: Gabriela Guadalupe Bolaños Vainstein
creator: Rosa Isabel Espinoza Córdova
creator: Ana Lucia Taboada Cardenas
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Forseti. Law Review http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-31
publication date: 2025-07-31
starting page: 117
ending page: 151

Crisis del órgano de apelación de la OMC: Reforma del ESD
type: item
description: This paper examines the ongoing crisis of the Appellate Body of the World Trade Organization and its impact on the dispute settlement system. It analyzes how the paralysis of the Appellate Body has undermined the effectiveness of the procedure established under the Dispute Settlement Understanding, which includes consultations and panel proceedings. It also assesses the ongoing negotiations aimed at reforming this mechanism.
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creator: Humberto Zúñiga Schroder
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Forseti. Law Review http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-30
publication date: 2026-03-30
starting page: 111
ending page: 123
doi: 10.21678/forseti.v15i23.3018

Cláusulas penales y protección al consumidor: Desentrañando el análisis de abusividad en la contratación inmobiliaria de masa
type: item
description: Standard form contracting is a mechanism that has served to reduce transaction costs in real estate transactions. However, this practice carries significant implications for consumer rights; consequently, the State sanctions the inclusion of unfair contract terms in real estate consumer contracts. This article analyzes the unfairness of including a penalty clause triggered by the termination of a contract due to a consumer's breach of their contractual obligations.
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creator: Lucía Sedano Arévalo
creator: David Rubio Alcántara
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Forseti. Law Review http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-30
publication date: 2026-03-30
starting page: 96
ending page: 110
doi: 10.21678/forseti.v15i23.3017

Infraestructura para la provisión de los servicios de saneamiento: Diagnóstico, rol de las asociaciones público-privadas y recomendaciones para el cierre de brechas
type: item
description: This article analyzes Peru’s sanitation infrastructure, highlighting gaps in coverage, quality, and sustainability. It examines the role of public-private partnerships in developing water and sanitation projects and their impact on public health and the environment. Finally, it proposes recommendations to align legal, technical, and financial mechanisms aimed at closing the country’s historical infrastructure gap in the sanitation sector.
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creator: Milagros Mendoza Alegre
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Forseti. Law Review http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-30
publication date: 2026-03-30
starting page: 75
ending page: 95
doi: 10.21678/forseti.v15i23.3016

El requerimiento en la Ley General de Contrataciones Públicas: nuevas perspectivas y desafíos
type: item
description: The requirement, as the core of the preparatory actions, exerts a cross-cutting influence over the procurement and contract execution stages. Under Law 32069 and its Regulations, new tools are introduced to enhance the definition of public needs, strengthen planning, and promote early interaction between the contracting authority and suppliers, fostering public decisions that are more efficient, transparent, and aligned with the value for money principle.
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creator: Melisa Linares Paz Soldán
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Forseti. Law Review http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-30
publication date: 2026-03-30
starting page: 58
ending page: 74
doi: 10.21678/forseti.v15i23.3015

El reciclaje de activos como estrategia de segunda generación de Asociaciones Público-Privadas en el Perú
type: item
description: The authors analyze the potential of public asset recycling as a strategy to optimize infrastructure management within the framework of Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) in Peru. Based on comparative experience and regulatory advances in PPP, they examine the institutional, contractual, and financial challenges that limit its effective implementation. Finally, guidelines are proposed to consolidate a legal and regulatory framework that promotes asset recycling as a sustainable mechanism for infrastructure development.
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creator: Jean Cristhian Barreda Vilchez
creator: Rodrigo Sebastián Becerra Romero
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Forseti. Law Review http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-30
publication date: 2026-03-30
starting page: 38
ending page: 57
doi: 10.21678/forseti.v15i23.3014

Control judicial y tutela jurisdiccional en la contratación pública: el proceso contencioso administrativo frente a las decisiones del Tribunal de Contrataciones Públicas
type: item
description: Before the contract is signed, disputes are handled in administrative proceedings before a tribunal, whose decisions may be challenged through judicial review. Sanctions imposed for conduct related to public procurement are also subject to judicial review. In this article, I analyze the particular features of the administrative judicial process in which these decisions are reviewed.
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creator: Oscar Alejos Guzmán
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Forseti. Law Review http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-30
publication date: 2026-03-30
starting page: 11
ending page: 37
doi: 10.21678/forseti.v15i23.3013

La etapa fundacional del Derecho Administrativo ha concluido
type: item
description: Entevista al Dr. Pierino Stucchi.
subject: Artí­culos
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creator: Pierino Stucchi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Forseti. Law Review http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-30
publication date: 2026-03-30
starting page: 06
ending page: 10
doi: 10.21678/forseti.v15i23.3012

Crime prevention based on artificial intelligence: Reflections on the right to equality
type: item
description: Intelligent systems to prevent crimes in cyberspace, particularly sexual offenses against minors, face challenges in balancing preventive effectiveness and equality. Algorithmic opacity and the absence of effective regulation enable arbitrariness. Therefore, a regulatory framework is needed to adequately harmonize the preventive purpose and require transparency in its implementation.
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creator: Camila Parodi Ccoriñaupa
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Forseti. Law Review http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-31
publication date: 2025-07-31
starting page: 463
ending page: 486
doi: 10.21678/forseti.v14i22.2846

Protection of fundamental rights in the face of new technologies: a comparative study of Chile, Mexico, Colombia, Ecuador, Bolivia, and Peru
type: item
description: This article examines how Latin American constitutional states have integrated new technologies and their impact on fundamental rights. It looks at countries like Chile, Mexico, Colombia, Ecuador, Bolivia, and Peru, proposing a human rights-based model of technological governance that combines regulatory stability and interpretive flexibility in response to technological advances.
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creator: Eduardo Chocano Ravina
creator: Lizty Obando Guerrero
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Forseti. Law Review http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-31
publication date: 2025-07-31
starting page: 439
ending page: 462
doi: 10.21678/forseti.v14i22.2845

Natural biases in algorithmic programming: challenges and difficulties for the application of automated systems in law
type: item
description: This article examines legal artificial intelligence and its clash with biases in legal language. It analyzes automation and data use, showing how they can institutionalize structural discrimination. It warns of the risk that AI becomes a technocratic tool legitimizing injustices under the guise of neutrality.
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creator: Gonzalo Renzo Villavicencio Rojas
creator: Juan Pavel Valdez-Rondinel
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Forseti. Law Review http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-18
publication date: 2025-09-18
starting page: 413
ending page: 437
doi: 10.21678/forseti.v14i22.2844

Criminality in the age of ChatGPT: Analysis of the use of artificial intelligence as a criminal aggravating factor in Peru
type: item
description: The author analyzes Law 32314, which incorporated the use of artificial intelligence and similarte chnologies as a criminal aggravating factor and specific modality in certain crimes. This article analyzes its legitimacy under the criteria of subsidiarity and necessity of punishment, and examines the institutional capacities required for effective implementation, as well as the benefits and risks of such a law.
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creator: Giacomo Sanguineti Ravettino
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Forseti. Law Review http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-16
publication date: 2025-09-16
starting page: 395
ending page: 411
doi: 10.21678/forseti.v14i22.2843

Digital divides and artificial intelligence: Challenges in access to justice
type: item
description: The growing digital divide, often ignored amidst artificial intelligence advancements, hinders the orderly digitalization of justice. This paper analyzes how unplanned technological implementation creates new barriers for those lacking digital resources or skills. It argues that accessible digitalization and AI in the justice system are crucial for strengthening equity and effective access, rather than becoming new obstacles.
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creator: Ivan Alexander Polo Olivarez
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Forseti. Law Review http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-31
publication date: 2025-07-31
starting page: 381
ending page: 393
doi: 10.21678/forseti.v14i22.2842

Artificial Intelligence in Digital Advertising: Regulatory Challenges and Consumer Rights Protection
type: item
description: This article analyzes the regulatory challenges arising from the use of artificial intelligence in digital advertising. It addresses the risks related to privacy, unfair competition, and the transparency of advertising algorithms, proposing a regulatory framework that ensures the protection of fundamental rights and equity in the market.
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creator: Próspero Martín Cortez
creator: Jasmin Rojas Canales
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Forseti. Law Review http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-16
publication date: 2025-09-16
starting page: 367
ending page: 380
doi: 10.21678/forseti.v14i22.2841

Synthetic data and advertising: legal challenges in the use of artificial intelligence in advertising campaigns
type: item
description: The article analyzes the main legal challenges associated with the use of synthetic data, focusing on personal data protection, the principle of truthfulness in advertising, and the use of such data to simulate advertising testing on “consumers” prior to the public launch of a campaign. The article analyzes its legal implications, as well as the emerging international regulatory approaches to this issue. It also discusses that mail advantages and potential drawbacks of its implementation.
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creator: Malena Cardenas Tello
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Forseti. Law Review http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-31
publication date: 2025-07-31
starting page: 353
ending page: 365
doi: 10.21678/forseti.v14i22.2840

Digital assets and their legal treatment at the national level from the perspective of private law
type: item
description: This paper presents a comparative analysis of the regulatory evolution of digital assets, with a focus on tokens, and proposes a legal approach from the perspective of Peruvian Private Law to address their treatment within the national legal framework.
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creator: Martín Mayandía Burns
creator: Diego Augusto Munares Cutipa
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Forseti. Law Review http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-31
publication date: 2025-07-31
starting page: 333
ending page: 351
doi: 10.21678/forseti.v14i22.2839

Smart contracts and blockchain in the sale of future real estate: the end of pre-sale scams?
type: item
description: La compraventa de inmuebles futuros en etapa de preventa presenta serias debilidades jurídicas estructurales en el Perú, al carecer de garantías efectivas sobre el uso de fondos. Este artículo propone incorporar smart contracts ejecutados en blockchain como mecanismo de auto ejecución contractual, capaz de reforzar la seguridad jurídica, asegurar hitos constructivos, mejorar trazabilidad financiera y reducir riesgos, todo ello dentro del marco normativo del derecho civil peruano.
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creator: Luis Enrique Cabrera Chalán
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Forseti. Law Review http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-31
publication date: 2025-07-31
starting page: 309
ending page: 329
doi: 10.21678/forseti.v14i22.2838

The constitutional positivization of neuro-rights in the Peruvian legal system
type: item
description: Advances in neurotechnology, by directly intervening in brain activity, generate legal challenges that require a new regulatory response. In this context, neuro-rights have emerged, an emerging fourth-generation category aimed at protecting the mind from technological interference. Although their development is still in its infancy, with Chile as a pioneer in recognizing them constitutionally, their incorporation into the Peruvian constitutional order is proposed to guarantee personal autonomy in the face of the impact of neurocognitive technologies.
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creator: Francisco Aspillaga Muñoz
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Forseti. Law Review http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-31
publication date: 2025-07-31
starting page: 289
ending page: 308
doi: 10.21678/forseti.v14i22.2837

Ethical considerations in the implementation of artificial intelligence systems for personnel selection and recruitment
type: item
description: In this article, we will examine the impact of ethics on the use and development of artificial intelligence systems employed in personnel selection processes. To that end, we will analyze the concept of artificial intelligence, as well as that of ethics, and discuss recent laws that establish legal obligations for its use in hiring or selecting workers.
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creator: Juan Miguel De los Santos Esteve
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Forseti. Law Review http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-16
publication date: 2025-09-16
starting page: 269
ending page: 288
doi: 10.21678/forseti.v14i22.2836

From harassment to abuse in the context of sexual violence in cyberspace
type: item
description: The author reflects on the typical structure of the crime of child grooming in order to respond to various issues, especially the one referred to whether the cases where the groomer achieves the intended sexual purpose should be treated with the rules of a concurrence of laws or a concurrence of crimes.
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creator: Pablo Jesus Juan Cortez Alvarez Cier
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Forseti. Law Review http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-31
publication date: 2025-07-31
starting page: 247
ending page: 268
doi: 10.21678/forseti.v14i22.2835

Opaque algorithms and differential privacy: can there be transparency without compromising protection?
type: item
description: This article analyzes the tension between algorithmic transparency and differential privacy in the context of increasing implementation of Artificial Intelligence systems in sensitive areas. Through an interdisciplinary analysis that integrates legal, technological, and ethical perspectives, it examines how opaque algorithms compromise accountability and how differential privacy, while protecting personal data, can undermine algorithmic accuracy.
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creator: Juan Emmanuel Delva Benavides
creator: Vania Valeria Mendez Gonzalez
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Forseti. Law Review http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-31
publication date: 2025-07-31
starting page: 227
ending page: 245
doi: 10.21678/forseti.v14i22.2834

The digital economy and the right to monetize information: A possible path forward
type: item
description: This article analyzes the challenges that the digital economy poses to international taxation and proposes, as an alternative, the recognition of the right to monetize personal data. It proposes the creation of a Unique Digital Tax Identifier and a digital reporting system that shifts the tax burden to MNEs, ensuring transparency, tax fairness, and recognition of the rights of market jurisdictions.
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creator: Octavio Salazar Mesías
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Forseti. Law Review http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-16
publication date: 2025-09-16
starting page: 201
ending page: 225
doi: 10.21678/forseti.v14i22.2833

Black box arbitrators? Limits on the use of generative artificial intelligence in arbitration under the principle of the non-delegability of the arbitral function
type: item
description: The integration of generative artificial intelligence in the practice of international arbitration has catalyzed a complex debate on its compatibility with the integrity of the arbitral process, specifically with the intuitu personae nature, regarding the possible scenarios of prohibited delegation of the arbitrator’s inherent functions to these digital tools, transgressing the principle of non-delegability of the arbitral function.
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creator: Danae Lucienn Ramos Granados
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Forseti. Law Review http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-31
publication date: 2025-07-31
starting page: 173
ending page: 199
doi: 10.21678/forseti.v14i22.2832

Beyond the recent change of opinion by the Tax Administration, what is the correct way to classify a service as digital for income tax purposes?
type: item
description: This article analyzes the tax treatment of digital services in Peru, focusing on the interpretation of the list contained in the Income Tax Regulations. It argues that a service qualifies as digital only if it meets the essential requirements established by law. In this regard, the article seeks to reflect on the proper way to construct said list, notwithstanding the recent change in the Tax Administration’s position as set forth in Report No. 046 2025-SUNAT/7T0000.
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creator: Sussel Xiomara Landeo Huamán
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Forseti. Law Review http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-31
publication date: 2025-07-31
starting page: 153
ending page: 172
doi: 10.21678/forseti.v14i22.2831

Justice and algorithms: An ethical and legal analysis of Law 31814 on artificial intelligence in Peru
type: item
description: The incorporation of artificial intelligence into the judicial system raises tensions with constitutional principles such as due process, the reasoning of decisions, and the guarantee of a natural judge. From an ethical-legal perspective, this article examines Law No. 31814, highlighting its normative insufficiencies in addressing algorithmic risks, and proposes criteria for a substantively just regulation.
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creator: Blanca Lizbeth Carrasco Delgado
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Forseti. Law Review http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-31
publication date: 2025-07-31
starting page: 99
ending page: 116
doi: 10.21678/forseti.v14i22.2828

Expert systems in the Peruvian judiciary: The case of Amauta Pro
type: item
description: This article analyzes Expert Systems as part of Artificial Intelligence systems that seek to provide relevant input for decision-making. To this end, we refer to the case of Amauta Pro, which was recently developed by the Peruvian Judiciary, to explain its characteristics, benefits, limitations, success criteria, and opportunities for improvement in its implementation.
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creator: Gianfranco Mejía Trujillo
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Forseti. Law Review http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-31
publication date: 2025-07-31
starting page: 81
ending page: 98
doi: 10.21678/forseti.v14i22.2827

The use of big data in electoral processes. Does suffrage represent the true will of the people? A look from the perspective of the Argentine legal system
type: item
description: El uso de Big Data ha transformado los procesos electorales, influyendo en la toma de decisiones, la segmentación de votantes y la optimización de campañas. Este estudio analiza cómo las plataformas digitales y redes sociales impactan en la difusión de información electoral y examina los desafíos éticos y de privacidad asociados al uso de datos personales en contextos de participación ciudadana y sufragio.
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creator: Lucrecia Contardi Gonzáles
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Forseti. Law Review http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-31
publication date: 2025-07-31
starting page: 61
ending page: 80
doi: 10.21678/forseti.v14i22.2826

The growing use of emerging digital technologies in administrative procedures: From automated administrative actions to algorithmic transparency
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description: This article analyzes the use of emerging technologies by the Public Administrationinordertofacilitate the access anduseofits services tocitizens through automated administrative actions and automated administrative procedures (with the possibility of using artificial intelligence).
subject: Artí­culos
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creator: Adolfo Antonio Morán Cavero
creator: Santiago Gabriel Castillo Pautrat
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Forseti. Law Review http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-16
publication date: 2025-09-16
starting page: 19
ending page: 60
doi: 10.21678/forseti.v14i22.2825

In administrative sanctioning procedures initiated by the OEFA, does the filing of appeals suspend the accrual of interest? Apparently, no longer
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description: The COAC of OEFA initiated enforcement proceedings requiring interest payments from the fine imposed in the first administrative instance, despite reconsiderations and/or appeals, raising concerns since Article 24 of the PAS Regulation suspends fines during appeals. This article analyzes the legality of this interpretation, its communication, and the reasonableness of accrued interest during the appeal process, even if authorities exceed the legal deadline to resolve.
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creator: Cyndel Caballero Fernández
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Forseti. Law Review
date: 2025-03-03
publication date: 2025-03-03
starting page: 202
ending page: 228
doi: 10.21678/forseti.v14i21.2661

Tax reform in the Value Added Tax (VAT) with respect to digital services in Peru
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description: This work summarizes the tax problems in the digital economy that generates losses in tax collection. It explores the international proposals and studies the recent tax reform that will allow Peru to collect through VAT withholding or collection agents’ mechanisms by non-domiciled who shall register in the Single Taxpayers’ Registry (RUC), declare and directly pay SUNAT.
subject: Artí­culos
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creator: Violeta Moncada Arribasplata
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Forseti. Law Review
date: 2025-03-03
publication date: 2025-03-03
starting page: 58
ending page: 85
doi: 10.21678/forseti.v14i21.2654