¿Impulsó la Ronda Uruguay la innovación? Evidencia de países en desarrollo a partir de datos de patentes
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21678/jb.2026.2978Palabras clave:
liberalización comercial, innovación, patentes, inversión extranjera directa, productividadResumen
Este artículo investiga los efectos de largo plazo de la liberalización comercial sobre la innovación en economías en desarrollo durante el período de la Gran Liberalización (1980–1992). Empleando un modelo de efectos fijos de dos vías y la clasificación de Sachs et al. (1995), se analizan diversas variables proxy de la innovación, entre ellas el número de patentes, las solicitudes de diseños industriales, el gasto en investigación y desarrollo, y la productividad laboral. Al examinar por separado las patentes solicitadas por residentes y no residentes, se distinguen las respuestas genuinas de innovación doméstica de los efectos de registro formal inducidos por el contemporáneo Acuerdo sobre los ADPIC (TRIPS). Los resultados muestran que la liberalización comercial incrementa significativamente los indicadores de innovación, con patrones robustos para el total de patentes y las solicitudes de diseños industriales, evidencia más mixta para el gasto en I+D y la productividad laboral, y efectos dinámicos que persisten hasta 30 años después de su implementación. La competencia extranjera, medida a través de la inversión extranjera directa (IED), emerge como un canal de transmisión clave que estimula los avances tecnológicos y las aplicaciones industriales. Los hacedores de política deberían considerar los beneficios de largo plazo de la apertura comercial, a pesar de los costos de ajuste de corto plazo, fomentando al mismo tiempo la capacidad de absorción para maximizar los spillovers de conocimiento.
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Derechos de autor 2026 Carlos César Chávez Padilla
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