La digitalización de emprendimientos de inmigrantes latinoamericanas en Chile (2020-2022)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21678/apuntes.99.2215Palabras clave:
Migración femenina, Sur global, COVID-19, Redes sociales, Gig EconomyResumen
La economía de plataformas digitales está transformando la naturaleza del trabajo. En paralelo a las grandes compañías dinamizadoras de este cambio hay grupos subalternos precarios que refuerzan la reestructuración. Un caso ejemplar es el de las mujeres latinoamericanas del programa Migrant Woman Entrepreneur: Collaborative Growth Community (MWECGC) de Chile. Por lo mismo, el objetivo general de la investigación es analizar la modalidad de inserción de las mujeres de este programa en la economía digital de Chile y dilucidar el perfil laboral del grupo antes y después de su llegada al país. Partiendo de la hipótesis de que el cruce de sus biografías con el contexto socioeconómico chileno es fundamental para desarrollar sus emprendimientos digitales, se practicó una netnography a las 49 mujeres que participaron en el proyecto. Los resultados muestran que la confluencia de factores individuales y contextuales produjo cuatro tipos de emprendedoras. Las conclusiones sugieren que la digitalización del emprendimiento no garantiza la visibilidad y alcance de este, lo que relativiza el supuesto potencial democratizador de las plataformas.
Descargas
Citas
Adkins, L., & Dever, M. (2016). The post-Fordist sexual contract working and living in contingency. Palgrave Macmillan.
Alarcón, R. (2018). The making of a precarious Cybertariat: SIM card street vendors, informational labor, and subordinated digitization in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Information, Communication & Society, 23(2), 187-193. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2018.1543440
Aman, R., Elo, M., Ahokangas, P., & Zhang, X. (2024). Empowering migrant women’s entrepreneurship: Stakeholder perspectives from the entrepreneurial ecosystem. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 30(7), 1698-1724. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-04-2023-0425
Barratt, T., Goods, C., & Veen, A. (2020). «I’m my own boss…»: Active intermediation and «entrepreneurial» worker agency in the Australian gig-economy. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 52(8), 1643-1661. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518X20914346
Batthyány, K. (2021). Políticas del cuidado. Clacso – Casa Abierta al Tiempo.
Bellaaj, M. (2021). Why and how do individual entrepreneurs use digital channels in an emerging market? Determinants of use and channel coordination. International Journal of Emerging Markets, 18(9), 2735-2764. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOEM-08-2020-0882
Bernardi, L., Huinink, J., & Settersten Jr., R. (2019). The Life Course Cube: A tool for studying lives. Advances in Life Course Research, 41, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.alcr.2018.11.004
Bonhomme, M., & Alfaro, A. (2022). «The filthy people»: Racism in digital spaces during COVID-19 in the context of south-south migration. International Journal of Cultural Studies, 25(3-4), 404-427. https://doi.org/10.1177/13678779221092462
Brahem, M., & Boussema, S. (2022). Social media entrepreneurship as an opportunity for women: The case of Facebook-commerce. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 24(3), 191-201. https://doi.org/10.1177/14657503211066010
Bulian, L. (2021). The gig is up: ¿Who does gig economy actually benefit? Interdisciplinary Description of Complex Systems, 19(1), 106-119. https://doi.org/10.7906/indecs.19.1.9
Cansoy, M. (2018). «Sharing» in unequal spaces: Short-term rentals and the reproduction of urban inequalities [doctoral dissertation]. Boston College. https://dlib.bc.edu/islandora/object/bc-ir:108139
Cardoso, F., & Faletto, E. (1996). Dependencia y desarrollo en América Latina: ensayo de interpretación sociológica. Siglo XXI.
Cepal (Comisión Económica para América Latina). (2022). Los impactos sociodemográficos de la pandemia de COVID-19 en América Latina y el Caribe. Cepal.
Concha, P., De Simone, L., & Catalán, R. (2021). E-commerce más justo para la postpandemia. Lineamientos de política pública para los microemprendedores frente al comercio electrónico. En I. Irarrázaval, E. Piña & I. Casielles (Eds.), Propuestas para Chile 2021 (pp. 45-68). Centro de Políticas Públicas, Universidad Católica.
Curtis, S., & Lehner, M. (2019). Defining the sharing economy for sustainability. Sustainability, 11(3), 1-25. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11030567
De Groen, W., Kilhoffer, Z., Lenaerts, K., & Mandl, I. (2018). Employment and working conditions of selected types of platform work. Publications Office of the European Union. https://hdl.handle.net/1813/87419
Denton-Calabrese, T., Mustain, P., Geniets, A., Hakimi, L., & Winters, N. (2021). Empowerment beyond skills: Computing and the enhancement of self-concept in the go_girl code+create program. Computers and Education, 175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2021.104321
Dev, V., & Harikumar, S. (2020). Structural and functional profile of livestock markets in India. Journal of Food and Animal Sciences, 1(2), 87-92 https://doi.org/10.51128/jfas.2020.A016
Di Próspero, C. (2017). Antropología de lo digital: construcción del campo etnográfico en co-presencia. Virtualis, 8(15), 44-60.
Diallo, M., Sylla, I., Diouck, A., & Wadji, A. (2020). Commerce informel et réseaux sociaux à Dakar. Itinéraire d’une adaptation inattendue. Bitácora Urbano Territorial, 30(3), 89-94. https://doi.org/10.15446/bitacora.v30n3.80026
Ellison, N., Vitak, J., Gray, R., & Lampe, C. (2014). Cultivating social resources on social network sites: Facebook relationship maintenance behaviors and their role in social capital processes. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 19(4), 855-870. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcc4.12078
Fajardo, D. (2021, 23 de octubre). Perfil de fundadores de startups chilenas: hablan inglés, han vivido en el extranjero y la mayoría son hombres e ingenieros. La Tercera. https://www.latercera.com/pulso/noticia/fundadores-de-startup-chilenas-hablan-ingles-han-vivido-en-el-extranjero-y-la-mayoria-son-ingenieros/WZSGBCTBVZFEBBMAFAUXAX3ZGY/
Felson, M., & Spaeth, J. (1978). Community structure and collaborative consumption: A routine activity approach. American Behavioral Scientist, 21(4), 614-624. https://doi.org/10.1177/000276427802100411
Frey, C., & Osborne, M. (2017). The future of employment: How susceptible are jobs to computerization? Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 114, 254-280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2016.08.019
García, N. (1999). La globalización imaginada. Paidós.
Giones, F., & Brem, A. (2017). Digital technology entrepreneurship: A definition and research agenda. Technology Innovation Management Review, 7(5), 44-51. https://doi.org/10.22215/timreview1076
Gómez, E. (2022). Tecnologías vitales: pensar las culturas digitales desde Latinoamérica. Universidad Panamericana – Puertabierta Editores.
González, G. (2022). Capitalismo tecnológico, trabajo y sur global. Resistances. Journal of the Philosophy of History, 3(5), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.46652/resistances.v3i5.84
Graham, M., & Anwar, M. (2019). The global gig economy: Towards a planetary labour market? First Monday, 24(4). https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v24i4.9913
Graham, M., Hjorth, I., & Lehdonvirta, V. (2017). Digital labour and development: Impact of global digital labour platforms and the gig economy on worker livelihoods. Transfer (Bruss), 23(2), 135-162. https://doi.org/10.1177/1024258916687250
Grau-Sarabia, M., & Fuster-Morell, M. (2021). Gender approaches in the study of the digital economy: A systematic literature review. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 8(201), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-021-00875-x
Gürtler, L., & Huber, G. (2007). Modos de pensar y estrategias de la investigación cualitativa. Liberabit, 13(13), 37-52.
Holtum, P., Irannezhad, E., Marston, G., & Mahadevan, R. (2022). Business or pleasure? A comparison of migrant and non-migrant Uber drivers in Australia. Work, Employment and Society, 36(2), 290-309. https://doi.org/10.1177/09500170211034741
Hopp, M., Maldovan, J., Frega, M., & Trajtemberg, A. (2020). Trabajo, género y desigualdades en la economía popular: una mirada sobre la situación de los vendedores/as callejeros en tiempos de pandemia. Trabajo y Sociedad, 35, 7-25. https://www.unse.edu.ar/trabajoysociedad/35%20D%20Hopp%20y%20otros%20SECCION%201.pdf
Howcroft, D., & Rubery, J. (2019). «Bias in, bias out»: Gender equality and the future of work debate. Labour & Industry, 29(2), 213-227. https://doi.org/10.1080/10301763.2019.1619986
Hunt, A., & Samman, E. (2019). Gender and the gig economy. Critical steps for evidence-based policy. ODI. https://cdn.odi.org/media/documents/12586.pdf
IDB (Inter-American Development Bank). (2021). The big opportunity from crisis to the transformation of women’s employment. Inter-American Development Bank. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003222
Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas (INE) – Departamento de Extranjería y Migración. (2021). Estimación de personas extranjeras residentes habituales en Chile al 31 de diciembre del 2020. Informe metodológico. https://www.ine.gob.cl/docs/default-source/demografia-y-migracion/publicaciones-y-anuarios/migraci%C3%B3n-internacional/estimaci%C3%B3n-poblaci%C3%B3n-extranjera-en-chile-2018/estimaci%C3%B3n-poblaci%C3%B3n-extranjera-en-chile-2020-metodolog%C3%ADa.pdf?sfvrsn=48d432b1_4
Jones, T., Ram, M., & Villares-Varela, M. (2019). Diversity, economic development and new migrant entrepreneurs. Urban Studies, 56(5), 960-976. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098018765382
Kaplan, A., & Haenlein, M. (2010). Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of social media. Business Horizons, 53(1), 59-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2009.09.003
Komarraju, S., Arora, P., & Raman, U. (2021). Agency and servitude in platform: A feminist analysis of blended cultures. Media, Culture & Society, 44(4), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1177/01634437211029890
Komito, L. (2011). Social media and migration: Virtual community 2.0. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 62(6), 1075-1086. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.21517
Kozinets, R., Dolbec, P.-Y., & Earley, A. (2014). Netnographic analysis: Understanding culture through social media data. En U. Flick (Ed.), The Sage handbook of qualitative data analysis (pp. 262-275). Sage Publications.
Kuckartz, U. (2014). Qualitative text analysis: A guide to methods, practice & using software. SAGE.
Lechner, N. (1990). ¿Son compatibles modernidad y modernización? El desafío de la democracia latinoamericana (Documento de trabajo número 440). Flacso-Chile. https://flacso.cl/biblioteca/product/son-compatibles-modernidad-y-modernizacion-el-desafio-de-la-democracia-latinoamericana/
Liguori, E., & Pittz, T. (2020). Strategies for small business: Surviving and thriving in the era of COVID-19. Journal of the International Council for Small Business, 1(2), 106-110. https://doi.org/10.1080/26437015.2020.1779538
Madgavkar, A., White, O., Krishnan, M., Mahajan, D., & Azcue, X. (2020). COVID-19 and gender equality: Countering the regressive effects. McKinsey Global Institute. https://www.empowerwomen.org/en/resources/documents/2020/07/covid-19-and-gender-equality-countering-the-regressive-effects?lang=en
Marrone, M., & Peterlongo, G. (2020). Where platforms meet infrastructures: Digital platforms, urban resistance and the ambivalence of the city in the Italian case of Bologna. Work Organisation, Labour & Globalisation, 14(1), 119-135. https://doi.org/10.13169/workorgalaboglob.14.1.0119
Martinez, A. (2020). Not all entrepreneurship is created equal: Theorizing entrepreneurial disadvantage through social positionality. European Management Review, 17(3), 687-699. https://doi.org/10.1111/emre.12390
Martinez, A., Martin, L., & Marlow, S. (2018). Emancipation through digital entrepreneurship? A critical realist analysis. Organization, 25(5), 585-608. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350508418777891
Matamoros-Fernández, A., Rodriguez, A., & Wikström, P. (2022). Humor that harms? Examining racist audio-visual memetic media on TikTok during COVID-19. Media and Communication, 10(2), 180-191. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v10i2.5154
Montgomery, T., & Baglioni, S. (2021). Defining the gig economy: Platform capitalism and the reinvention of precarious work. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 41(9/10), 1012-1025. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSSP-08-2020-0400
Mouraviev, N., & Kakabadse, N. (2019). Entrepreneurship and global cities: Diversity, opportunity and cosmopolitanism. Routledge.
Organización Internacional del Trabajo (OIT). (2020). Observatorio de la OIT: El COVID-19 y el mundo del trabajo. Estimaciones actualizadas y análisis. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/documents/briefingnote/wcms_743154.pdf
Ortega, L. (2005). Chile en ruta al capitalismo. Cambio, euforia y depresión. LOM.
Ozasir, S., & Essers, C. (2019). The interplay between identity construction and opportunity structures: Narratives of Turkish migrant women entrepreneurs in the Netherlands. International Small Business Journal: Researching Entrepreneurship, 37(7), 713-731. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242619856809
Pachenkov, O., & Yashina, A. (2017). When sharing economy meets digital one. Toward understanding of new economic relations. eGose’17, 4-6, 91-98. https://doi.org/10.1145/3129757.3129774
Peticca-Harris, A., deGama, N., & Ravishankar, M. (2020). Postcapitalist precarious work and those in the «drivers» seat: Exploring the motivations and lived experiences of Uber drivers in Canada. Organization, 27(1), 36-59. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350508418757332
Petrini, M., Stedetn de Freitas, C., & Mello da Silveira, L. (2017). A proposal for a typology of sharing economy. Revista de Administracção Mackenzie, 18(5), 39-62. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-69712017/administracao.v18n5p39-62
Ramírez, C., Ojeda, L., Margarit, D., Jirón, P., & Imilan, W. (2022). Comercio electrónico mediante WhatsApp: análisis del «Mall Virtual a un Click» desarrollado por migrantes en Chile. Bitácora Urbano Territorial, 32(2), 101-113. https://doi.org/10.15446/bitacora.v32n2.99055
Ratten, V. (2020). Coronavirus (COVID-19) and entrepreneurship: Changing life and work landscape. Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship, 32(5), 503-516. https://doi.org/10.1080/08276331.2020.1790167
Roy-Mukherjee, S., & Harrison, M. (2020). The shifting boundaries of capitalism and the conflict of surplus value appropriation within the gig economy. En E. Page-Tickell & E. Yerby (Eds.), Conflict and shifting boundaries in the gig economy: An interdisciplinary analysis (pp. 45-62). Emerald Publishing Limited.
Rubery, J. (2018). A gender lens on the future of work. Journal of International Affairs, 72(1), 91-106. https://digit-research.org/publication/a-gender-lens-on-the-future-of-work/
Sánchez-Pérez, M., Rueda-López, N., Marín-Carrillo, M., & Terán-Yépez, E. (2021). Theoretical dilemmas, conceptual review and perspectives disclosure of the sharing economy: A qualitative analysis. Review of Managerial Science, 15(7), 1849-1883. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-020-00418-9
Schlagwein, D., Schoder, D., & Spindeldreher, K. (2020). Consolidated, systemic conceptualization, and definition of the «sharing economy». Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 71(7), 817-838. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.24300
Servicio Nacional de Migraciones. (2024). Estadísticas generales – registro administrativo. Servicio Nacional de Migraciones: cifras de enero 2014 a diciembre 2024. (Informe n.º 3). https://serviciomigraciones.cl/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/240806-Reporte-3-Estadisticas-Generales.pdf
Smith, P. (2009). La democracia en América Latina. Marcial Pons.
Steel, G. (2021). Going global – going digital. Diaspora networks and female online entrepreneurship in Khartoum, Sudan. Geoforum, 120, 22-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2021.01.003
Striebing, C., Schmidt, E., & Palmén, R. (2019). Pragmatic ex-ante evaluation using an innovative conceptual framework: The case of a high-tech entrepreneurship program for women. Evaluation and Program Planning, 77, 2-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2019.101714
Suhaeli, D., & Bachtiar, N. (2019). Why do (not) woman entrepreneurs jump into technology-based business? Bizinfo, 10(2), 95-109. https://doi.org/10.5937/bizinfo1902095s
Surie, A. (2020). On-demand platforms and pricing: How platforms can impact the informal urban economy. Evidence from Bengaluru, India. Work Organisation, Labour and Globalisation, 14(1), 83-100. https://doi.org/10.13169/workorgalaboglob.14.1.0083
Susanto, H., Fang Yie, L., Mohiddin, F., Rahman, A., Haghi, P., & Setiana, D. (2021). Revealing social media phenomenon in time of COVID-19 pandemic for boosting start-up businesses through digital ecosystem. Applied System Innovation, 4(1), 2-21. https://doi.org/10.3390/asi4010006
Svampa, M. (2019). Las fronteras del neoextractivismo en América Latina: conflictos socioambientales, giro ecoterritorial y nuevas dependencias. Bielefeld University Press.
Tan, Z., Aggarwal, N., Cowls, J., Morley, J., Taddeo, M., & Floridi, L. (2021). The ethical debate about the gig economy: A review and critical analysis. Technology in Society, 65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2021.101594
Täuscher, K., & Laudien, S. (2018). Understanding platform business models: A mixed methods study of marketplaces. European Management Journal, 36(3), 319-329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2017.06.005
Trenz, M., Frey, A., & Veit, D. (2018). Disentangling the facets of sharing: A categorization of what we know and don’t know about the sharing economy. Internet Research, 28(4), 888-925. https://doi.org/10.1108/IntR-11-2017-0441
Tubaro, P., Le Ludec, C., & Casilli, A. (2020). Counting «micro-workers»: Societal and methodological challenges around new forms of labour. Work Organisation, Labour & Globalisation, 14(1), 67-82. https://doi.org/10.13169/workorgalaboglob.14.1.0067
Vallas, S., & Schor, J. (2020). What do platforms do? Understanding the gig economy. Annual Review of Sociology, 46, 273-294. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-121919-054857
Wajcman, J. (2006). El tecnofeminismo. Cátedra.
Weili, L., & Khan, H. (2020). A literature review on the definition of sharing economy. Global Economy Journal, 20(3). https://doi.org/10.1142/S219456592030001X
Xiang, S., Rasool, S., Hang, Y., Javid, K., Javed, T., & Artene, A. (2021). The effect of COVID-19 pandemic on service sector sustainability and growth. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.633597
Young, G., & Crush, J. (2019). Governing the informal food sector in cities of the global south. Discussion Papers, 30, 1-23. https://hungrycities.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/DP30.pdf
Descargas
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2025 Catalina Marcela Ramírez, José Julian Soto Lara, jjsotolara

Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.
Apuntes, revista de Ciencia Sociales publica todos sus artículos y reseñas bajo la licencia Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) con el objetivo de fomentar el intercambio académico a nivel mundial. Por ello, la obra en cuestión puede ser distribuida, remezclada, retocada, etc., como el autor y los lectores de la misma lo estimen conveniente. La única condición es que se cite a la revista Apuntes, revista de Ciencias Sociales como entidad editora del texto.