Desempeño financiero y responsabilidad social empresarial: evidencia de las empresas del mercado bursátil mexicano (2014–2024)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21678/jb.2026.2723Palabras clave:
Responsabilidad Social Empresarial, Desempeño financiero, ESG, Bolsa Mexicana de Valores, Random Forest, Modelo Probit, ANCOVAResumen
Este estudio analiza la relación entre la responsabilidad social corporativa (RSC), medida a través de puntajes ESG, y el desempeño financiero de las empresas que cotizan en el Índice S&P/BMV de la Bolsa Mexicana de Valores (BMV) durante el período 2014–2024. Mediante un enfoque cuantitativo, longitudinal y no experimental, se aplicaron modelos de covarianza (ANCOVA), algoritmos de random forest y modelos probit para evaluar la influencia de las prácticas sostenibles en indicadores clave como ROA, ROE, EBITDA, liquidez, apalancamiento y volatilidad. Los resultados revelan una asociación positiva y significativa entre los puntajes ESG y los indicadores de rentabilidad (ROA y ROE), mientras que el resto de los indicadores presenta efectos heterogéneos. El modelo random forest confirma la relevancia predictiva del puntaje ESG, y el modelo probit indica una mayor probabilidad de alto desempeño financiero entre las empresas con mejores prácticas sostenibles, aunque sin significancia estadística robusta. Estos resultados, reforzados mediante validación cruzada y pruebas de robustez, confirman que la RSC puede constituir una ventaja competitiva, contribuyendo tanto a los objetivos económicos como sociales de las empresas.
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