Return or Remittances? Diaspora Economic Policies of Latin American and Caribbean States
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21678/apuntes.84.1017Keywords:
Latin America, Diaspora, emigrants, return, remittances, development, diasporaAbstract
Explanations of why migrants return to their countries of origin tend to focus on factors at micro and macro levels: from seeing it as individual choice (e. g. neoclassical economics) or household strategy (e. g. new
economics of labor migration), to seeing it as determined by structural conditions of receiving or sending countries (e. g. economic cycles, wage differentials, etc.). Yet we know very little about how states of origin combine their policies towards emigrants to establish economic links with them, from remittances to return. With an original dataset for Latin American and Caribbean countries, we can provide an initial descriptive panorama that highlights the choices that countries make in this regard. We compare the return policies to other economic policies geared to emigrants. This helps us in detecting return policies, which is often a neglected dimension in comparative diaspora policy studies, as one among several that states of
origin develop to achieve their economic strategies. Also, this first attempt at descriptive analysis provides further paths to explore the causal links behind diaspora policy development in the realm of economic policy.
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References
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Agunias, D.R. y Newland, K. (2007). “Circular Migration and Development: Trends, Policy Routes, and Ways Forward”. MPI Policy Brief. http://www.migrationpolicy.org/pubs/MigDevPB_041807.pdf.
Cassarino, J-P. (2004). “Theorising Return Migration: The Conceptual Approach to Return Migrants Revisited”. International Journal on Multicultural Societies 6 (2): 253–79.
Cassarino, J-P. (2008). “Políticas de Inmigración y Políticas de Desarrollo. Entender los Vínculos Entre Migración de Retorno y Desarrollo”. IV Seminari Migracions. Barcelona: Fundación CIDOB. http://www.cidob.org/en/content/download/8367/85324/version/2/file/07_cassarino_cast.pdf.
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Comisión Europea (2011). The Global Approach to Migration and Mobility. COM(2011) 743. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52011DC0743&from=EN.
Corona-Jiménez, M.Á. y Corona-Jiménez, M.A. (2018). “El Arduo Proceso de Reinserción Laboral de los Retornados en la Periferia Globalizada”. Economía, Sociedad y Territorio 18 (57): 455–86. https://doi.org/10.22136/est20181180.
Dawson, L.R. (2007). “Brain Drain, Brain Circulation, Remittances and Development: Prospects for the Caribbean”. The Caribbean Papers 2. https://www.cigionline.org/sites/default/files/2._brain_drain_brain_circulation_remittances_and_development-_prospects_for_the_caribbean.pdf.
De Haas, H. 2005. “International Migration, Remittances and Development: Myths and Facts”. Third World Quarterly 26 (8): 1269–84.
Délano, A. y Gamlen, A. (2014). “Comparing and Theorizing State–Diaspora Relations”. Political Geography 41 (julio): 43–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2014.05.005.
Fajnzylber, P. y López, H. (2008). Remittances and Development. Lessons from Latin America. Washington, D.C.: Banco Mundial.
Gamlen, A. (2006). “Diaspora Engagement Policies: What Are They, and What Kinds of States Use Them?” 32 (06): 1–31.
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Gammage, S. (2006). “Exporting People and Recruiting Remittances: A Development Strategy for El Salvador?” Latin American Perspectives 33 (6): 75–100. https://doi.org/10.1177/0094582X06294112.
Goldring, L. (2004). “Family and Collective Remittances to Mexico: A Multi-Dimensional Typology”. Development and Change 35 (4): 799–840. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0012-155X.2004.00380.x.
Helbling, M., Bjerre, L., Römer, F. y Zobel, M. (2013). “Conceptualizing and Measuring Immigration Policies. A Comparative Perspective”. En: CESifo Economic Studies Conference on Migration. Munich. http://www.cesifo-group.de/link/es13_Helbling.pdf.
Hirt, N. y Mohammad, A.S. (2017). “By Way of Patriotism, Coercion, or Instrumentalization: How the Eritrean Regime Makes Use of the Diaspora to Stabilize Its Rule”. Globalizations online first: 1–16.
OIM (2019). “Migración y desarrollo”. Organización Internacional para las Migraciones, 2019. https://www.iom.int/es/migracion-y-desarrollo.
Joseph, S., Miller, A., Mahabir, R. y Harewood, T. (2010). “The Sensitivity of Remittance Inflows to the Global Financial Crisis: Evidence from Trinidad and Tobago and Jamaica”. 1. Puerto España: Banco Central de Trinidad y Tobago. http://www.central-bank.org.tt/sites/default/files/Research%20paper%20Vol%201%20No.%201%20September%202010.pdf.
Kapur, D. (2004). “Remittances: The New Development Mantra?” G-24 Discussion Papers, no. 29. http://unctad.org/en/docs/gdsmdpbg2420045_en.pdf.
Márquez Covarrubias, H. (2006). “Controversias en el desarrollo económico local basado en las remesas de los migrantes”. Análisis Económico XXI (47). http://www.redalyc.org/resumen.oa?id=41304714.
Martínez, J. (2008). América Latina y El Caribe: Migración Internacional, Derechos Humanos y Desarrollo. Libros de La CEPAL 97. Santiago de Chile: CEPAL. http://www.cepal.org/cgi-bin/getProd.asp?xml=/publicaciones/xml/9/34889/P34889.xml&xsl=/celade/tpl/p9f.xsl&base=/celade/tpl/top-bottom_mig.xslt.
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Newland, K. (2004). “Beyond Remittances: The Role of Diaspora in Poverty Reduction in Their Countries of Origin”. Migration Policy Institute. http://www.migrationpolicy.org/pubs/Beyond_Remittances_0704.pdf.
Oficina Estadística de las Comunidades Europeas y Fondo Monetario Internacional (Eds.) (2009). International Transactions in Remittances: Guide for Compilers and Users. Washington, D.C: Fondo Monetario Internacional.
Olivié, I., Ponce, J. y Onofa, M. (2008). “Remesas, pobreza y desigualdad: El caso de Ecuador”. Madrid: Real Instituto Elcano.
Orozco, M. (2012). “Tendencias Futuras de Las Remesas En América Latina y El Caribe”. Diálogo Interamericano. http://thedialogue.org/PublicationFiles/TendenciasfuturasdelasremesasaALCSP.pdf.
Orrego Rivera, C. y Martínez Pizarro, J. (2015). “Retorno en la Migración: Una Mirada a sus Múltiples Facetas”. En: Retorno en los Procesos Migratorios de América Latina. Conceptos, Debates, Evidencias, ALAP. Serie Investigaciones 16. Río de Janeiro: ALAP, OIM.
Parella Rubio, S., Petroff, A. y Serradell Pumareda, O. (2014). “Programas de Retorno Voluntario en Bolivia y España en Contextos de Crisis”. Revista CIDOB d’Afers Internacionals, 171–92.
Pedroza, L. y Palop-García, P. (2017). “Diaspora Policies in Comparison: An Application of the Emigrant Policies Index (EMIX) for the Latin American and Caribbean Region”. Political Geography 60 (setiembre): 165–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2017.07.006.
Red Internacional de Migración y Desarrollo (2011). “Declaración de Brasilia Rumbo a la Ciudadanía Sudamericana”. Migración y Desarrollo 9 (17): 139–44.
Rivera Sánchez, L. (2013). “Migración de retorno y experiencias de reinserción en la zona metropolitana de la Ciudad de México”. REMHU : Revista Interdisciplinar da Mobilidade Humana 21 (41): 55–76. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-85852013000200004.
Rivera Sánchez, L. (2015). “Entre la incertidumbre y la esperanza. Narrativas de migrantes retornados”. Migración y Desarrollo 13 (24): 185–99.
Schramm, C. (2011). “Retorno y Reinserción de Migrantes Ecuatorianos. La Importancia de las Redes Sociales Transnacionales”. Revista CIDOB d’Afers Internacionals, no. 93–94: 241–60.
Sinatti, G. (2014). “Return Migration as a Win-Win-Win Scenario? Visions of Return among Senegalese Migrants, the Sate of Origin and Receiving Countries”. Ethnic and Racial Studies Online First. http://www.cosv.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Articolo-Sinatti-per-sito-cosv.pdf.
Singer, D.A. (2010). “Migrant Remittances and Exchange Rate Regimes in the Developing World”. American Political Science Review 104 (02): 307–23. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055410000110.
Soto Priante, S. y Velázquez Holguín, M.A. (2006). “El Proceso de Institucionalización Del Programa 3×1 Para Migrantes". En: El Programa 3x1 Para Migrantes. ¿Primera Política Transnacional en México? México, D.F.: Miguel Ángel Porrúa. http://estudiosdeldesarrollo.net/coleccion_america_latina/3x1/3x1_cap1.pdf.
Taylor, J.E. (1992). “Remittances and Inequality Reconsidered: Direct, Indirect, and Intertemporal Effects”. Journal of Policy Modeling 14 (2): 187–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/0161-8938(92)90008-Z.
Terry, D.F. (2005). Remesas de inmigrantes: moneda de cambio económico y social. BID.
Adida, C.L. y Girod, D.M. (2011). “Do Migrants Improve Their Hometowns? Remittances and Access to Public Services in Mexico, 1995-2000”. Comparative Political Studies 44 (1): 3–27. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414010381073.
Agunias, D.R. y Newland, K. (2007). “Circular Migration and Development: Trends, Policy Routes, and Ways Forward”. MPI Policy Brief. http://www.migrationpolicy.org/pubs/MigDevPB_041807.pdf.
Cassarino, J-P. (2004). “Theorising Return Migration: The Conceptual Approach to Return Migrants Revisited”. International Journal on Multicultural Societies 6 (2): 253–79.
Cassarino, J-P. (2008). “Políticas de Inmigración y Políticas de Desarrollo. Entender los Vínculos Entre Migración de Retorno y Desarrollo”. IV Seminari Migracions. Barcelona: Fundación CIDOB. http://www.cidob.org/en/content/download/8367/85324/version/2/file/07_cassarino_cast.pdf.
Centro de Asistencia para Información del Banco Mundial (2018). “How Do You Define Remittances?” 2018. https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/114950-how-do-you-define-remittances.
Comisión Europea (2011). The Global Approach to Migration and Mobility. COM(2011) 743. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52011DC0743&from=EN.
Corona-Jiménez, M.Á. y Corona-Jiménez, M.A. (2018). “El Arduo Proceso de Reinserción Laboral de los Retornados en la Periferia Globalizada”. Economía, Sociedad y Territorio 18 (57): 455–86. https://doi.org/10.22136/est20181180.
Dawson, L.R. (2007). “Brain Drain, Brain Circulation, Remittances and Development: Prospects for the Caribbean”. The Caribbean Papers 2. https://www.cigionline.org/sites/default/files/2._brain_drain_brain_circulation_remittances_and_development-_prospects_for_the_caribbean.pdf.
De Haas, H. 2005. “International Migration, Remittances and Development: Myths and Facts”. Third World Quarterly 26 (8): 1269–84.
Délano, A. y Gamlen, A. (2014). “Comparing and Theorizing State–Diaspora Relations”. Political Geography 41 (julio): 43–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2014.05.005.
Fajnzylber, P. y López, H. (2008). Remittances and Development. Lessons from Latin America. Washington, D.C.: Banco Mundial.
Gamlen, A. (2006). “Diaspora Engagement Policies: What Are They, and What Kinds of States Use Them?” 32 (06): 1–31.
Gamlen, A., Cummings, M., Vaaler, P.M. y Rossouw, L. (2013). “Explaining the Rise of Diaspora Institutions”. IMI Working Paper Series, Oxford Diasporas Programme, no. 78. http://www.imi.ox.ac.uk/news/pdfs/imi-working-papers/WP78.pdf.
Gammage, S. (2006). “Exporting People and Recruiting Remittances: A Development Strategy for El Salvador?” Latin American Perspectives 33 (6): 75–100. https://doi.org/10.1177/0094582X06294112.
Goldring, L. (2004). “Family and Collective Remittances to Mexico: A Multi-Dimensional Typology”. Development and Change 35 (4): 799–840. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0012-155X.2004.00380.x.
Helbling, M., Bjerre, L., Römer, F. y Zobel, M. (2013). “Conceptualizing and Measuring Immigration Policies. A Comparative Perspective”. En: CESifo Economic Studies Conference on Migration. Munich. http://www.cesifo-group.de/link/es13_Helbling.pdf.
Hirt, N. y Mohammad, A.S. (2017). “By Way of Patriotism, Coercion, or Instrumentalization: How the Eritrean Regime Makes Use of the Diaspora to Stabilize Its Rule”. Globalizations online first: 1–16.
OIM (2019). “Migración y desarrollo”. Organización Internacional para las Migraciones, 2019. https://www.iom.int/es/migracion-y-desarrollo.
Joseph, S., Miller, A., Mahabir, R. y Harewood, T. (2010). “The Sensitivity of Remittance Inflows to the Global Financial Crisis: Evidence from Trinidad and Tobago and Jamaica”. 1. Puerto España: Banco Central de Trinidad y Tobago. http://www.central-bank.org.tt/sites/default/files/Research%20paper%20Vol%201%20No.%201%20September%202010.pdf.
Kapur, D. (2004). “Remittances: The New Development Mantra?” G-24 Discussion Papers, no. 29. http://unctad.org/en/docs/gdsmdpbg2420045_en.pdf.
Márquez Covarrubias, H. (2006). “Controversias en el desarrollo económico local basado en las remesas de los migrantes”. Análisis Económico XXI (47). http://www.redalyc.org/resumen.oa?id=41304714.
Martínez, J. (2008). América Latina y El Caribe: Migración Internacional, Derechos Humanos y Desarrollo. Libros de La CEPAL 97. Santiago de Chile: CEPAL. http://www.cepal.org/cgi-bin/getProd.asp?xml=/publicaciones/xml/9/34889/P34889.xml&xsl=/celade/tpl/p9f.xsl&base=/celade/tpl/top-bottom_mig.xslt.
Mercosur (1995). Protocolo de Integración Educativa y Reválida de Diplomas, Certificados, Títulos y Reconocimiento de Estudios de Nivel Medio Técnico. http://www.mercosur.int/msweb/Normas/normas_web/Decisiones/ES/Dec_007_095_.PDF.
Newland, K. (2004). “Beyond Remittances: The Role of Diaspora in Poverty Reduction in Their Countries of Origin”. Migration Policy Institute. http://www.migrationpolicy.org/pubs/Beyond_Remittances_0704.pdf.
Oficina Estadística de las Comunidades Europeas y Fondo Monetario Internacional (Eds.) (2009). International Transactions in Remittances: Guide for Compilers and Users. Washington, D.C: Fondo Monetario Internacional.
Olivié, I., Ponce, J. y Onofa, M. (2008). “Remesas, pobreza y desigualdad: El caso de Ecuador”. Madrid: Real Instituto Elcano.
Orozco, M. (2012). “Tendencias Futuras de Las Remesas En América Latina y El Caribe”. Diálogo Interamericano. http://thedialogue.org/PublicationFiles/TendenciasfuturasdelasremesasaALCSP.pdf.
Orrego Rivera, C. y Martínez Pizarro, J. (2015). “Retorno en la Migración: Una Mirada a sus Múltiples Facetas”. En: Retorno en los Procesos Migratorios de América Latina. Conceptos, Debates, Evidencias, ALAP. Serie Investigaciones 16. Río de Janeiro: ALAP, OIM.
Parella Rubio, S., Petroff, A. y Serradell Pumareda, O. (2014). “Programas de Retorno Voluntario en Bolivia y España en Contextos de Crisis”. Revista CIDOB d’Afers Internacionals, 171–92.
Pedroza, L. y Palop-García, P. (2017). “Diaspora Policies in Comparison: An Application of the Emigrant Policies Index (EMIX) for the Latin American and Caribbean Region”. Political Geography 60 (setiembre): 165–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2017.07.006.
Red Internacional de Migración y Desarrollo (2011). “Declaración de Brasilia Rumbo a la Ciudadanía Sudamericana”. Migración y Desarrollo 9 (17): 139–44.
Rivera Sánchez, L. (2013). “Migración de retorno y experiencias de reinserción en la zona metropolitana de la Ciudad de México”. REMHU : Revista Interdisciplinar da Mobilidade Humana 21 (41): 55–76. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-85852013000200004.
Rivera Sánchez, L. (2015). “Entre la incertidumbre y la esperanza. Narrativas de migrantes retornados”. Migración y Desarrollo 13 (24): 185–99.
Schramm, C. (2011). “Retorno y Reinserción de Migrantes Ecuatorianos. La Importancia de las Redes Sociales Transnacionales”. Revista CIDOB d’Afers Internacionals, no. 93–94: 241–60.
Sinatti, G. (2014). “Return Migration as a Win-Win-Win Scenario? Visions of Return among Senegalese Migrants, the Sate of Origin and Receiving Countries”. Ethnic and Racial Studies Online First. http://www.cosv.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Articolo-Sinatti-per-sito-cosv.pdf.
Singer, D.A. (2010). “Migrant Remittances and Exchange Rate Regimes in the Developing World”. American Political Science Review 104 (02): 307–23. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055410000110.
Soto Priante, S. y Velázquez Holguín, M.A. (2006). “El Proceso de Institucionalización Del Programa 3×1 Para Migrantes". En: El Programa 3x1 Para Migrantes. ¿Primera Política Transnacional en México? México, D.F.: Miguel Ángel Porrúa. http://estudiosdeldesarrollo.net/coleccion_america_latina/3x1/3x1_cap1.pdf.
Taylor, J.E. (1992). “Remittances and Inequality Reconsidered: Direct, Indirect, and Intertemporal Effects”. Journal of Policy Modeling 14 (2): 187–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/0161-8938(92)90008-Z.
Terry, D.F. (2005). Remesas de inmigrantes: moneda de cambio económico y social. BID.
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Published
2019-04-29
How to Cite
Pedroza, L., & Palop-García, P. (2019). Return or Remittances? Diaspora Economic Policies of Latin American and Caribbean States. Apuntes. Social Sciences Journal, 46(84), 159–184. https://doi.org/10.21678/apuntes.84.1017
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