Tourism as a Tool: Rehumanizing Rio de Janeiro’s South Zone Favelas Through Community-Based Tourism Narratives
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21678/apuntes.85.1046Keywords:
community-based tourism, guided visits, favelas, social marginality, stereotypes (Social psychology), BrazilAbstract
This article proposes a conceptual framework for community-based tourism in Rio de Janeiro’s South Zone favelas that benefits these communities. It sheds light on how local guides use tourism as a tool to counter the prevailing negative perception of favelas and how these guides seek to rehumanize the favela by providing an alternative cultural narrative that challenges existing stereotypes, making these tours a form of everyday resistance. The article covers the material impact of these tours by highlighting tourists’ perceptions before and after visiting a favela and including the opinion of local favela residents about these tours.
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References
Bauman, Z. (1998). Globalization: The Human Consequences. Nueva York: Columbia University Press.
Bauman, Z. (2000). Liquid Modernity. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Bauman, Z. (2001). Community: Seeking Safety in an Insecure World. Londres: Polity Press.
Bentes, I. (2003). The Sert?o and the Favela in Contemporary Brazilian Film. En L. Nagib (Ed.), The New Brazilian Cinema (pp. 121-137). Londres: IB Tauris. doi 10.1353/lbr.2006.0030
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Carter, J. (2005). An Outsider?s View of Rocinha and its People (tesis de maestr?a). University of Texas, Austin, Estados Unidos.
Catalytic Communities, CatComm (2016). Favela Facts 101. CatComm. Recuperado de: catcomm.org
Cejas, M. (2006). Tourism in Shantytowns and Slums: A New ?Contact Zone? in the Era of Globalization. Intercultural Communication Studies, 15(2), 224-230. doi 10.1.1.547.1574
Codoner, B. (2010). Popularization of TV Globo in Brazil (tesis de bachillerato). Ohio State University, Estados Unidos.
Cohen, E., Nir, Y., & Almagor, U. (1992). Stranger-Local Interaction in Photography. Annals of Tourism Research, 19(2), 213-233. doi 10.1016/0160-7383(92)90078-4
De Certeau, M., & Giard, L. (1998). The Practice of Everyday Life, vol. 2. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
DeWalt, K., & DeWalt, B. (2011). Participant Observation: A Guide for Fieldworkers, 2a ed. Lanham: Altamira Press.
Dwek, D. (2004). Favela Tourism: Innocent Fascination or Inevitable Exploitation (disertaci?n de maestr?a). Institute of Latin American Studies, Londres, Reino Unido.
Fainstein, S., & Gladstone, D. (1999). Evaluating Urban Tourism. En The Tourist City (pp. 21-34). New Haven: Yale University Press.
Freire-Medeiros, B. (2009). The Favela and its Touristic Transits. Geoforum, 40(4), 580-588. doi 10.1016/j.geoforum.2008.10.007
Freire-Medeiros, B. (2010). Entre tapas e beijos: a favela tur?stica na perspectiva de seus moradores. Sociedade e Estado, 25(1), 33-51. doi 10.1590/S0102-69922010000100003
Freire-Medeiros, B. (2012). Favela Tourism. Listening to Local Voices. En F. Frenzel, K. Koens, & M. Steinbrink (Eds.), Slum Tourism: Poverty, Power and Ethics (pp. 175-192). Londres: Routledge.
Frenzel, F., Koens, K., & Steinbrink, M. (2012). Slum Tourism: Poverty, Power and Ethics, vol. 32. Londres: Routledge.
Gentlemen, A. (7 de mayo de 2006). Slum Tours: A Day Trip Too Far. The Guardian. Recuperado de https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2006/may/07/delhi.india.ethicalliving
Giddens, A. (1991). Modernity and Self-identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age. Redwood: Stanford University Press.
Gorman, E. (12 de junio de 2014). Favela-dwellers Challenge Rio?s Exotic Tours. Al-Jazeera. Recuperado de https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2014/06/favela-dwellers-challenge-rio-exotic-tours-20146111206390364.html
Gotham, K. (2007). Selling New Orleans to New Orleans: Tourism Authenticity and the Construction of Community Identity. Tourist Studies, 7(3), 317-339. doi 10.1177/1468797608092515
GWK Travelex. (2019). Braziliaanse real wisselen en kopen. GWK Travelex. Recuperado de https://www.gwktravelex.nl/buitenlands-geld-wisselen/braziliaanse-real
Jaguaribe, B., & Hetherington, K. (2004). Favela Tours: Indistinct and Mapless Representations of the Real in Rio de Janeiro. En M. Sheller, & J. Urry (Eds.), Tourism Mobilities: Places to Play, Places in Play (pp. 155-166). Nueva York: Routledge.
Judd, D. (1995). Promoting Tourism in US Cities. Tourism Management, 16(3), 175-187. doi 10.1016/0261-5177(94)00018-6
Katz, J. (2009). Time for New Urban Ethnographies. Ethnography, 10(2-3), 285-304.
Kottak, C. (1991). Of Cultural Import: Television?s Impact on Values and Local Life in Brazil. Journal of Communication, (41). doi 10.1111/j.1460-2466.1991.tb02293.x
Lilja, M. (2008). Power, Resistance and Women Politicians in Cambodia: Discourses of Emancipation. Copenhague: Nias Press.
Lisboa, N. (10 de diciembre de 2015). Lei combate o turismo explorat?rio nas favelas. Viva Favela. Recuperado de http://vivafavela.vivario.org.br/tag/favela/
MacCannel, D. (1992). The Tourist: A New Theory of the Leisure Class. Nueva York: Shocken.
Meirelles, F., & Lund, K. (Dirs.) (2003). Cidade de Deus. Los ?ngeles: Miramax Films.
Padlha, J. (Dir.) (2007). Tropa de elite. ?R?o de Janeiro: Zazen Produ??es.
Padlha, J. (Dir.) (2010). Tropa de elite 2. O inimigo agora ? outro. R?o de Janeiro: Zazen Produ??es.
Philp, J., & Mercer, D. (1999). Commodification of Buddhism in Contemporary Burma. Annals of Tourism Research, 26(1), 21-54. doi 10.1016/s0160-7383(98)00050-4
Porta dos Fundos. (2014). Pobre. You Tube. Recuperado de http://bit.ly/2ePxSNy
Rafter, N. (2000). Shots in the Mirror: Crime Films and Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ramchander, P. (2007). Soweto Set to Lure Tourists. En A. Bennett, & R. George (Eds.), South African Travel and Tourism Cases (pp. 200-210). Pretoria: Van Schaik.
Rolfes, M. (2010). Poverty Tourism: Theoretical Reflections and Empirical Findings Regarding an Extraordinary Form of Tourism. GeoJournal, 75(5), 421-442. doi 10.1007/s10708-009-9311-8
S?nchez, F., & Broudehoux, A.-M. (2013). Mega-events and Urban Regeneration in Rio de Janeiro: Planning in a State of Emergency. International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development, 5(2), 132-153. doi 10.1080/19463138.2013.839450
Selinger, E., & Outterson, K. (2010). The Ethics of Poverty Tourism. Environmental Philosophy, 7(2), 93-114. doi 10.5840/envirophil20107217
Shils, E. (1972). Intellectuals and the Powers and other Essays. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Steinbrink, M. (2014). Festifavelisation: Mega-events, Slums and Strategic City-staging. The Example of Rio de Janeiro. Die. Erde. Journal of the Geographical Society of Berlin, 144(2), 129-145.
Steinbrink, M., & Pott, A. (2010). Global Slumming. Zur Genese und Globalisierung des Armutstourismus. En Tourismusr?ume. Zur soziokulturellen Konstruktion eines globalen Ph?nomens (pp. 247-270). doi 10.14361/9783839411940-013
Straubhaar, J. (1991). Beyond Media Imperialism: Asymmetrical Interdependence and Cultural Proximity. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 8(1), 39-59. doi 10.1080/15295039109366779
Suanscri, P. (2003). Community based Tourism Handbook. Bangkok: Responsible Ecological Social Tour-Rest.
Talbot, A., & Carter, T. (2018). Human Rights Abuses at the Rio 2016 Olympics: Activism and the Media. Leisure Studies, 37(1), 77-88. doi 10.1080/02614367.2017.1318162
Urry, J. (1994). Cultural Change and Contemporary Tourism. Leisure Studies, 13(4), 233-238. doi 10.1080/02614369400390181
Urry, J. (2001). Globalising the Tourist Gaze. Tourism Development Revisited, (150). doi 10.4135/9788132100058.n10
Urry, J. (2012). Sociology Beyond Societies: Mobilities for the Twenty-first Century. Londres: Routledge.
Van Rompu, P. (2017a). Favelife: Different Narratives, Different Stories. Social Constructions of Rio de Janeiro?s Favelas in Films & Tours (tesis de maestr?a). Utrecht University, Pa?ses Bajos.
Van Rompu, P. (2017b). From the Screen to the Streets: The Dehumanization of Favelas in Popular Films. Entropia, 90-130. Recuperado de http://www.entropia.slg.br/index.php/entropia/article/view/57
Vinthagen, S., & Johansson, A. (2013). Everyday Resistance: Exploration of a Concept and its Theories. Resistance Studies Magazine, 1(1), 1-46.
Weiner, E. (12 de octubre de 2009). Slum Visits: Tourism or Voyeurism. The New York Times. Recuperado de https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/09/travel/09heads.html
Williams, C. (2008). Ghettourism and Voyeurism, or Challenging Stereotypes and Raising Consciousness? Literary and Non-literary Forays into the Favelas of Rio de Janeiro. Bulletin of Latin American Research, 27(4), 483-500. doi 10.1111/j.1470-9856.2008.00280.x
Wynn, J. (2005). Guiding Practices: Storytelling Tricks for Reproducing the Urban Landscape. Qualitative Sociology, 26(4). doi 10.1007/s11133-005-8365-2
Wynn, J. (2010). City Tour Guides: Urban Alchemists at Work. City & Community, 9(2), 145-164. doi 10.1111/j.1540-6040.2010.01322.x
Bauman, Z. (2000). Liquid Modernity. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Bauman, Z. (2001). Community: Seeking Safety in an Insecure World. Londres: Polity Press.
Bentes, I. (2003). The Sert?o and the Favela in Contemporary Brazilian Film. En L. Nagib (Ed.), The New Brazilian Cinema (pp. 121-137). Londres: IB Tauris. doi 10.1353/lbr.2006.0030
Braga, G. (2015). Rio de Janeiro ? o destino preferido dos turistas estrangeiros que visitam o Brasil a lazer. Mist?rio do Turismo. Recuperado de turismo.gov.br
Braga, G. (2016). Rio de Janeiro ? o destino preferido dos turistas estrangeiros que visitam o Brasil a lazer. Mist?rio do Turismo. Recuperado de turismo.gov.br
Carter, J. (2005). An Outsider?s View of Rocinha and its People (tesis de maestr?a). University of Texas, Austin, Estados Unidos.
Catalytic Communities, CatComm (2016). Favela Facts 101. CatComm. Recuperado de: catcomm.org
Cejas, M. (2006). Tourism in Shantytowns and Slums: A New ?Contact Zone? in the Era of Globalization. Intercultural Communication Studies, 15(2), 224-230. doi 10.1.1.547.1574
Codoner, B. (2010). Popularization of TV Globo in Brazil (tesis de bachillerato). Ohio State University, Estados Unidos.
Cohen, E., Nir, Y., & Almagor, U. (1992). Stranger-Local Interaction in Photography. Annals of Tourism Research, 19(2), 213-233. doi 10.1016/0160-7383(92)90078-4
De Certeau, M., & Giard, L. (1998). The Practice of Everyday Life, vol. 2. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
DeWalt, K., & DeWalt, B. (2011). Participant Observation: A Guide for Fieldworkers, 2a ed. Lanham: Altamira Press.
Dwek, D. (2004). Favela Tourism: Innocent Fascination or Inevitable Exploitation (disertaci?n de maestr?a). Institute of Latin American Studies, Londres, Reino Unido.
Fainstein, S., & Gladstone, D. (1999). Evaluating Urban Tourism. En The Tourist City (pp. 21-34). New Haven: Yale University Press.
Freire-Medeiros, B. (2009). The Favela and its Touristic Transits. Geoforum, 40(4), 580-588. doi 10.1016/j.geoforum.2008.10.007
Freire-Medeiros, B. (2010). Entre tapas e beijos: a favela tur?stica na perspectiva de seus moradores. Sociedade e Estado, 25(1), 33-51. doi 10.1590/S0102-69922010000100003
Freire-Medeiros, B. (2012). Favela Tourism. Listening to Local Voices. En F. Frenzel, K. Koens, & M. Steinbrink (Eds.), Slum Tourism: Poverty, Power and Ethics (pp. 175-192). Londres: Routledge.
Frenzel, F., Koens, K., & Steinbrink, M. (2012). Slum Tourism: Poverty, Power and Ethics, vol. 32. Londres: Routledge.
Gentlemen, A. (7 de mayo de 2006). Slum Tours: A Day Trip Too Far. The Guardian. Recuperado de https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2006/may/07/delhi.india.ethicalliving
Giddens, A. (1991). Modernity and Self-identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age. Redwood: Stanford University Press.
Gorman, E. (12 de junio de 2014). Favela-dwellers Challenge Rio?s Exotic Tours. Al-Jazeera. Recuperado de https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2014/06/favela-dwellers-challenge-rio-exotic-tours-20146111206390364.html
Gotham, K. (2007). Selling New Orleans to New Orleans: Tourism Authenticity and the Construction of Community Identity. Tourist Studies, 7(3), 317-339. doi 10.1177/1468797608092515
GWK Travelex. (2019). Braziliaanse real wisselen en kopen. GWK Travelex. Recuperado de https://www.gwktravelex.nl/buitenlands-geld-wisselen/braziliaanse-real
Jaguaribe, B., & Hetherington, K. (2004). Favela Tours: Indistinct and Mapless Representations of the Real in Rio de Janeiro. En M. Sheller, & J. Urry (Eds.), Tourism Mobilities: Places to Play, Places in Play (pp. 155-166). Nueva York: Routledge.
Judd, D. (1995). Promoting Tourism in US Cities. Tourism Management, 16(3), 175-187. doi 10.1016/0261-5177(94)00018-6
Katz, J. (2009). Time for New Urban Ethnographies. Ethnography, 10(2-3), 285-304.
Kottak, C. (1991). Of Cultural Import: Television?s Impact on Values and Local Life in Brazil. Journal of Communication, (41). doi 10.1111/j.1460-2466.1991.tb02293.x
Lilja, M. (2008). Power, Resistance and Women Politicians in Cambodia: Discourses of Emancipation. Copenhague: Nias Press.
Lisboa, N. (10 de diciembre de 2015). Lei combate o turismo explorat?rio nas favelas. Viva Favela. Recuperado de http://vivafavela.vivario.org.br/tag/favela/
MacCannel, D. (1992). The Tourist: A New Theory of the Leisure Class. Nueva York: Shocken.
Meirelles, F., & Lund, K. (Dirs.) (2003). Cidade de Deus. Los ?ngeles: Miramax Films.
Padlha, J. (Dir.) (2007). Tropa de elite. ?R?o de Janeiro: Zazen Produ??es.
Padlha, J. (Dir.) (2010). Tropa de elite 2. O inimigo agora ? outro. R?o de Janeiro: Zazen Produ??es.
Philp, J., & Mercer, D. (1999). Commodification of Buddhism in Contemporary Burma. Annals of Tourism Research, 26(1), 21-54. doi 10.1016/s0160-7383(98)00050-4
Porta dos Fundos. (2014). Pobre. You Tube. Recuperado de http://bit.ly/2ePxSNy
Rafter, N. (2000). Shots in the Mirror: Crime Films and Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ramchander, P. (2007). Soweto Set to Lure Tourists. En A. Bennett, & R. George (Eds.), South African Travel and Tourism Cases (pp. 200-210). Pretoria: Van Schaik.
Rolfes, M. (2010). Poverty Tourism: Theoretical Reflections and Empirical Findings Regarding an Extraordinary Form of Tourism. GeoJournal, 75(5), 421-442. doi 10.1007/s10708-009-9311-8
S?nchez, F., & Broudehoux, A.-M. (2013). Mega-events and Urban Regeneration in Rio de Janeiro: Planning in a State of Emergency. International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development, 5(2), 132-153. doi 10.1080/19463138.2013.839450
Selinger, E., & Outterson, K. (2010). The Ethics of Poverty Tourism. Environmental Philosophy, 7(2), 93-114. doi 10.5840/envirophil20107217
Shils, E. (1972). Intellectuals and the Powers and other Essays. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Steinbrink, M. (2014). Festifavelisation: Mega-events, Slums and Strategic City-staging. The Example of Rio de Janeiro. Die. Erde. Journal of the Geographical Society of Berlin, 144(2), 129-145.
Steinbrink, M., & Pott, A. (2010). Global Slumming. Zur Genese und Globalisierung des Armutstourismus. En Tourismusr?ume. Zur soziokulturellen Konstruktion eines globalen Ph?nomens (pp. 247-270). doi 10.14361/9783839411940-013
Straubhaar, J. (1991). Beyond Media Imperialism: Asymmetrical Interdependence and Cultural Proximity. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 8(1), 39-59. doi 10.1080/15295039109366779
Suanscri, P. (2003). Community based Tourism Handbook. Bangkok: Responsible Ecological Social Tour-Rest.
Talbot, A., & Carter, T. (2018). Human Rights Abuses at the Rio 2016 Olympics: Activism and the Media. Leisure Studies, 37(1), 77-88. doi 10.1080/02614367.2017.1318162
Urry, J. (1994). Cultural Change and Contemporary Tourism. Leisure Studies, 13(4), 233-238. doi 10.1080/02614369400390181
Urry, J. (2001). Globalising the Tourist Gaze. Tourism Development Revisited, (150). doi 10.4135/9788132100058.n10
Urry, J. (2012). Sociology Beyond Societies: Mobilities for the Twenty-first Century. Londres: Routledge.
Van Rompu, P. (2017a). Favelife: Different Narratives, Different Stories. Social Constructions of Rio de Janeiro?s Favelas in Films & Tours (tesis de maestr?a). Utrecht University, Pa?ses Bajos.
Van Rompu, P. (2017b). From the Screen to the Streets: The Dehumanization of Favelas in Popular Films. Entropia, 90-130. Recuperado de http://www.entropia.slg.br/index.php/entropia/article/view/57
Vinthagen, S., & Johansson, A. (2013). Everyday Resistance: Exploration of a Concept and its Theories. Resistance Studies Magazine, 1(1), 1-46.
Weiner, E. (12 de octubre de 2009). Slum Visits: Tourism or Voyeurism. The New York Times. Recuperado de https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/09/travel/09heads.html
Williams, C. (2008). Ghettourism and Voyeurism, or Challenging Stereotypes and Raising Consciousness? Literary and Non-literary Forays into the Favelas of Rio de Janeiro. Bulletin of Latin American Research, 27(4), 483-500. doi 10.1111/j.1470-9856.2008.00280.x
Wynn, J. (2005). Guiding Practices: Storytelling Tricks for Reproducing the Urban Landscape. Qualitative Sociology, 26(4). doi 10.1007/s11133-005-8365-2
Wynn, J. (2010). City Tour Guides: Urban Alchemists at Work. City & Community, 9(2), 145-164. doi 10.1111/j.1540-6040.2010.01322.x
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Published
2019-06-14
How to Cite
Van Rompu, P. (2019). Tourism as a Tool: Rehumanizing Rio de Janeiro’s South Zone Favelas Through Community-Based Tourism Narratives. Apuntes. Social Sciences Journal, 46(85), 79–113. https://doi.org/10.21678/apuntes.85.1046
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