Social Pensions and Poverty in Latin America
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21678/apuntes.78.848Keywords:
Transfers, pension systems, social assistance, non-contributory pensions, social protection, poverty, redistribution, labor market.Abstract
This document analyzes the relationship between pensions and poverty amongthe elderly after the recent expansion of non-contributory pension programs inthe Latin American region. The analysis focuses on a set of 18 countries aroundthe year 2012. Based on administrative and survey data, the document revisitsthe strategies adopted and evaluates the current situation of the elderly. Theresults indicate that the scheme adopted in each country varies accordingto different national realities. The expansion of non-contributory pensions isassociated with the reduction in poverty among the elderly, but there remaingaps to be closed.Downloads
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References
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(8) Barrientos, A. (2009). Social Pensions in Low-income Countries. En Holzmann, R., Robalino, D., & Takayama, N. (eds.). Closing the Coverage Gap: The Role of Social Pensions and Other Retirement Income Transfers. Washington D. C.: World Bank.
(9) Barrientos, A. (2006). Ageing, Poverty and Public Policy in Developing Countries: New Survey Evidence. FISS 13th International Research Seminar on Issues in Social Security Social Protection in an Ageing World, Sigtuna. Institute of Development Studies-University of Sussex.
(10) Barrientos, A. (2002). Old Age, Poverty and Social Investment. Journal of International Development, 14, 1133-1141.
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(13) Barrientos, A., Gorman, M., & Heslop, A. (2003). Old Age Poverty in Developing Countries: Contributions and Dependence in Later Life. World Development, 31(3), 555-570.
(14) Barrientos, A., & Mase, J. (2012). Poverty Transitions among Older Households in Brazil and South Africa. European Journal of Development Research, 24, 570-588.
(15) Bertranou, F., Solorio, C., & Van Ginneken, W. (2002). Pensiones no contributivas y asistenciales. Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Costa Rica y Uruguay. Santiago de Chile: ILO.
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(26) Deaton, A., & Paxson, C. (1998). Economies of Scale, Household Size, and the Demand for Food. Journal of Political Economy, 106(5), 897-930.
(27) Deaton, A., & Paxson, C. (1997). Poverty among Children and the Elderly in Developing Countries (Center for Research on Child Wellbeing Working Paper #98-09). Nueva Jersey: Princeton University.
(28) Deaton, A., & Zaidi, S. (2002). Guidelines for Constructing Consumption Aggregates for Welfare Analysis (LSMS Working Paper N° 135). Washington D.C.: The World Bank. Recuperado de https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/14101/multi0page.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
(29) De Carvalho, I. (2008). Old-age Benefits and Retirement Decisions of Rural Elderly in Brazil. Journal of Development Economics, 86(1), 129-146.
(30) Del Popolo, F. (2001). Características sociodemográficas y socioeconómicas de las personas de edad en América Latina (Serie Población y Desarrollo N° 19). Santiago de Chile: Celade-División de Población / Cepal.
(31) Ferreira, F., Messina, J., Rigolini, J., López-Calva, L., Lugo, M., & Vakis, R. (2013). Economic Mobility and the Rise of the Latin American Middle Class. Washington D. C.: The World Bank.
(32) Feyrer, J. (2008). Aggregate Evidence on the Link between Age Structure and Productivity. Population and Development Review, 34, 78-99.
(33) García, M., & Moore, C. (2012). The Cash Dividend: The Rise of Cash Transfer Programs in Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington D.C.: The World Bank. Recuperado de https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/2246
(34) Gasparini, L., Alejo, J., Haimovich, F., Olivieri, S., & Tornarolli, L. (2007). Poverty Among Older People in Latin America and the Caribbean. Journal of International Development, 22, 176-207.
(35) Gasparini, L., Cicowiez, M., & Sosa, W. (2013). Pobreza y desigualdad en América Latina. Conceptos, herramientas y aplicaciones. Buenos Aires: Editorial Temas.
(36) Gasparini, L., Marchionni, M., Olivieri, S., & Sosa, W. (2013). Multidimensional Poverty in Latin America and the Caribbean: New Evidence from the Gallup World Poll. The Journal of Economic Inequality, 11(2), 195-214. Recuperado de http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10888-011-9206-z
(37) Gorman, M., & Heslop, A. (2002). Poverty, Policy, Reciprocity and Older People in the South. Journal of International Development, 14, 1143-1151.
(38) Grosh, M., Del Ninno, C., Tesliuc, E., & Ouerghi, A. (2008). For Protection and Promotion: The Design and Implementation of Effective Safety Net Programs. Washington D. C.: World Bank.
(39) Hanlon, J., Barrientos, A. & Hulme, D. (2010). Just Give Money to the Poor: The Development Revolution from the Global South. Sterling: VA Kumarian Press.
(40) Holzmann, R., & Hinz, R. (2005). Old Age Income Support in the 21st Century: An International Perspective on Pension Systems and Reform. Washington D. C.: World Bank.
(41) Holzmann, R., Robalino, D., & Takayama, N. (Eds.) (2009). Closing the Coverage Gap: Role of Social Pensions and Other Retirement Income Transfer. Washington D. C.: World Bank.
(42) Huenchuan, S., & Guzmán, J. (2006). Seguridad económica y pobreza en la vejez: tensiones, expresiones y desafíos para políticas. Reunión de Expertos sobre Población y Pobreza en América Latina y el Caribe, Santiago de Chile, 14 y 15 de noviembre, Celade.
(43) International Labor Organization (2011). World Social Security Report 2010/2011. Providing Coverage in Times of Crisis and Beyond. Ginebra: ILO.
(44) Inchauste, G., Azevedo, J., Essama-Nssah, B., Olivieri, S., & Van Nguyen, T., Saavedra-Chanduvi, J., & Winkler, H. (2014). Understanding Changes in Poverty. Washington D.C.: The World Bank Group. Recuperado de https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/19445
(45) Inchauste, G., Olivieri, S., Saavedra, J., & Winkler, H. (2012). What is Behind the Decline in Poverty? Evidence from Bangladesh, Peru and Thailand (World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 6199) Washington D. C.: World Bank.
(46) Kakwani, N., & Silber, J. (2008). Quantitative Approaches to Multidimensional Poverty Measurement. Nueva York: Palgrave Macmillan.
(47) Kakwani, N. & Subbarao, K. (2005). Ageing and Poverty in Africa and the Role of Social Pensions. Washington D.C.: The World Bank.
(48) Kidd, S., & Whitehouse, E. (2009). Pensions and Old Age Poverty. En Holzmann, R., Robalino, D., & Takayama, N. (Eds.), Closing the Coverage Gap: The Role of Social Pensions and Other Retirement Income Transfers. Washington D. C.: World Bank.
(49) Lanjow, P., Milanovic, B., & Paternoso, S. (1998). Poverty and the Economic Transition: How do Changes in Economies of Scale Affect Poverty Rates for Different Households? (Policy Research Working Papers N° 2009). Washington D. C.: The World Bank.
(50) Levy, S., & Schady, N. (2013). Latin America’s Social Policy Challenge: Education, Social Insurance, Redistribution. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 27(2), 193-218.
(51) Lloyd-Sherlock, P. (2001). Living Arrangements of Older Persons and Poverty in the Developing World. Review of Income and Wealth, 37, 345-361.
(52) Lloyd-Sherlock, P. (2000). Old Age and Poverty in Developing Countries: New Policy Challenges. World Development, 28(12), 2157-2168.
(53) Malmberg, B., Lindh, T., & Halvarsson, M. (2008). Productivity Consequences of Workforce Aging: Stagnation or Horndal Effect? Population and Development Review, 34, 238-256.
(54) Murrugarra, E. (2011). Employability and Productivity among older Workers: A Policy Framework and Evidence from Latin America (SP Discussion Paper N° 1113). Washington D. C.: World Bank.
(55) OECD (2008). Growing Unequal? Income Distribution and Poverty in OECD Countries. París: OECD.
(56) Palacios, R., & Slunchynsky, O. (2006). Social Pensions Part I: Their Role in the Overall Pension System (SP Discussion Paper N° 0601). Washington D. C.: World Bank.
(57) Perry, G., Maloney, W., Arias, O., Fajnzylber, P., Mason, A., & Saavedra-Chanduvi, J. (2007). Informality: Exit and Exclusion. Washington D. C.: World Bank.
(58) Prskawetz, A., Fent, T., & Guest, R. (2008). Workforce Aging and Labor Productivity: The Role of Supply and Demand for Labor in the G7 Countries. Population and Development Review, 34, 298-323.
(59) Rofman, R., Apella, I., & Vezza, E. (2013). Más allá de las pensiones contributivas: catorce experiencias en América Latina. Washington D. C.: World Bank.
(60) Rofman, R., & Oliveri, M. (2012). Pension Coverage in Latin America: Trends and Determinants (Social Protection & Labor Discussion Paper N° 1217). Washington D. C.: World Bank.
(61) United Nations Population Fund & HELPAGE (2012). Ageing in the Twenty-first Century: A Celebration and a Challenge. Londres: Unfpa / HelpAge.
(62) Whitehouse, E. (2000). How Poor are the Old? A Survey of Evidence from 44 Countries (SP Discussion Paper N° SP 0017). Washington D. C.: World Bank. Recuperado de http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2000/06/1620947/poor-old-survey-evidence-44-countries
(63) Zaidi, A. (2009). Poverty and Income of Older People in OECD Countries. Viena: European Centre for Social Welfare Policy and Research-United Nations.
(2) Alvaredo, F., & Gasparini, L. (2013). Recent Trends in Inequality and Poverty in Developing Countries (Documento de trabajo N° 0151). La Plata: UNLP-Cedlas.
(3) Azevedo, J., Inchauste, G., Olivieri, S., Saavedra, J., & Winkler, H. (2013). Is Labor Income Responsible for Poverty Reduction? A Decomposition Approach (Policy Research Working Paper N° 6414). Washington D. C.: World Bank.
(4) Azevedo, J., Nguyen, M., & Sanfelice, V. (2012a). Adecomp: Stata Module to Estimate Shapley Decomposition by Components of Welfare Measure. Statistical Software Components N° S457562. Boston: Boston College-Department of Economics.
(5) Azevedo, J., Nguyen, M., & Sanfelice, V. (2012b). Shapley Decomposition by Components of a Welfare Aggregate. (Policy Research Working Paper N° 6414). Washington D. C.: World Bank.
(6) Barr, N. (2001). The Welfare State as Piggy Bank. Nueva York: Oxford University Press.
(7) Barr, N., & Diamond, P. (2009). Reforma de las pensiones: principios, errores analíticos y orientaciones políticas. Revista Internacional de Seguridad Social, 62, 5-33. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1734.2009.01 327
(8) Barrientos, A. (2009). Social Pensions in Low-income Countries. En Holzmann, R., Robalino, D., & Takayama, N. (eds.). Closing the Coverage Gap: The Role of Social Pensions and Other Retirement Income Transfers. Washington D. C.: World Bank.
(9) Barrientos, A. (2006). Ageing, Poverty and Public Policy in Developing Countries: New Survey Evidence. FISS 13th International Research Seminar on Issues in Social Security Social Protection in an Ageing World, Sigtuna. Institute of Development Studies-University of Sussex.
(10) Barrientos, A. (2002). Old Age, Poverty and Social Investment. Journal of International Development, 14, 1133-1141.
(11) Barrientos, A. (1999a). Economic Risks. The Labour Market, and Older Workers in Latin America (Working Paper Series N° 21). Hatfield: University of Hertfordshire.
(12) Barrientos, A. (1999b). Retirement, Household Income, and Economic Vulnerability of Older Groups. (Working Paper Series N° 20). Hatfield: University of Hertfordshire.
(13) Barrientos, A., Gorman, M., & Heslop, A. (2003). Old Age Poverty in Developing Countries: Contributions and Dependence in Later Life. World Development, 31(3), 555-570.
(14) Barrientos, A., & Mase, J. (2012). Poverty Transitions among Older Households in Brazil and South Africa. European Journal of Development Research, 24, 570-588.
(15) Bertranou, F., Solorio, C., & Van Ginneken, W. (2002). Pensiones no contributivas y asistenciales. Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Costa Rica y Uruguay. Santiago de Chile: ILO.
(16) Bloom, D., & McKinnon, R. (2013). The Design and Implementation of Public Pension Systems in Developing Countries: Issues and Options. (IZA Policy Paper N° 59). Recuperado de http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/programon-the-global-demography-of-aging/WorkingPapers/2013/PGDA_WP_102.pdf
(17) Bosch, M., MELGUIZO, A., & Pages-Cerra, C. (2013). Mejores pensiones, mejores trabajos. Hacia la cobertura universal en América Latina y el Caribe. Washington D. C.: BID.
(18) Castellani, F., & Parent, G. (2011). Being “Middle-class” in Latin America (OECD Development Centre Working Papers N° 305). OECD Development Centre.
(19) Centro Latinoamericano y Caribeño de Demografía (2013). World Population Prospects: The 2013 Revision. Recuperado el 5/2014, de http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm
(20) CEPAL (2012). Envejecimiento, solidaridad y protección social. La hora de avanzar hacia la igualdad. Tercera Conferencia Anual Intergubernamental sobre Envejecimiento en América Latina y el Caribe, San José de Costa Rica, 8-11 de mayo.
(21) CEPAL (2006). La protección social de cara al futuro: acceso, financiamiento y solidaridad. Informe para el trigésimo primer período de sesiones. Montevideo: Cepal.
(22) Cerutti, P., Fruttero, A., Grosh, M., Kostenbaum, S., Oliveri, M., Rodríguez-Alas, C., & Strokova, V. (2014). Social Assistance and Labor Market Programs in Latin America (Discussion Paper N° 1401). Washington D. C.: World Bank.
(23) Consejo Nacional de Evaluación de la Política de Desarrollo Social (2011). Inventario Coneval de programas y acciones estatales de desarrollo social. Recuperado de http://www.coneval.gob.mx/Evaluacion/IPE/Paginas/default.aspx
(24) Cotlear, D. (2011). Population Aging. Is Latin America Ready? Washington D. C.: World Bank.
(25) Cotlear, D., & Tornarolli, L. (2011). Poverty, the Aging, and the Life Cycle in Latin America. En Cotlear, D. (Ed.), Population Aging. Is Latin America ready? (p. 79-132). Washington D. C.: World Bank.
(26) Deaton, A., & Paxson, C. (1998). Economies of Scale, Household Size, and the Demand for Food. Journal of Political Economy, 106(5), 897-930.
(27) Deaton, A., & Paxson, C. (1997). Poverty among Children and the Elderly in Developing Countries (Center for Research on Child Wellbeing Working Paper #98-09). Nueva Jersey: Princeton University.
(28) Deaton, A., & Zaidi, S. (2002). Guidelines for Constructing Consumption Aggregates for Welfare Analysis (LSMS Working Paper N° 135). Washington D.C.: The World Bank. Recuperado de https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/14101/multi0page.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
(29) De Carvalho, I. (2008). Old-age Benefits and Retirement Decisions of Rural Elderly in Brazil. Journal of Development Economics, 86(1), 129-146.
(30) Del Popolo, F. (2001). Características sociodemográficas y socioeconómicas de las personas de edad en América Latina (Serie Población y Desarrollo N° 19). Santiago de Chile: Celade-División de Población / Cepal.
(31) Ferreira, F., Messina, J., Rigolini, J., López-Calva, L., Lugo, M., & Vakis, R. (2013). Economic Mobility and the Rise of the Latin American Middle Class. Washington D. C.: The World Bank.
(32) Feyrer, J. (2008). Aggregate Evidence on the Link between Age Structure and Productivity. Population and Development Review, 34, 78-99.
(33) García, M., & Moore, C. (2012). The Cash Dividend: The Rise of Cash Transfer Programs in Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington D.C.: The World Bank. Recuperado de https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/2246
(34) Gasparini, L., Alejo, J., Haimovich, F., Olivieri, S., & Tornarolli, L. (2007). Poverty Among Older People in Latin America and the Caribbean. Journal of International Development, 22, 176-207.
(35) Gasparini, L., Cicowiez, M., & Sosa, W. (2013). Pobreza y desigualdad en América Latina. Conceptos, herramientas y aplicaciones. Buenos Aires: Editorial Temas.
(36) Gasparini, L., Marchionni, M., Olivieri, S., & Sosa, W. (2013). Multidimensional Poverty in Latin America and the Caribbean: New Evidence from the Gallup World Poll. The Journal of Economic Inequality, 11(2), 195-214. Recuperado de http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10888-011-9206-z
(37) Gorman, M., & Heslop, A. (2002). Poverty, Policy, Reciprocity and Older People in the South. Journal of International Development, 14, 1143-1151.
(38) Grosh, M., Del Ninno, C., Tesliuc, E., & Ouerghi, A. (2008). For Protection and Promotion: The Design and Implementation of Effective Safety Net Programs. Washington D. C.: World Bank.
(39) Hanlon, J., Barrientos, A. & Hulme, D. (2010). Just Give Money to the Poor: The Development Revolution from the Global South. Sterling: VA Kumarian Press.
(40) Holzmann, R., & Hinz, R. (2005). Old Age Income Support in the 21st Century: An International Perspective on Pension Systems and Reform. Washington D. C.: World Bank.
(41) Holzmann, R., Robalino, D., & Takayama, N. (Eds.) (2009). Closing the Coverage Gap: Role of Social Pensions and Other Retirement Income Transfer. Washington D. C.: World Bank.
(42) Huenchuan, S., & Guzmán, J. (2006). Seguridad económica y pobreza en la vejez: tensiones, expresiones y desafíos para políticas. Reunión de Expertos sobre Población y Pobreza en América Latina y el Caribe, Santiago de Chile, 14 y 15 de noviembre, Celade.
(43) International Labor Organization (2011). World Social Security Report 2010/2011. Providing Coverage in Times of Crisis and Beyond. Ginebra: ILO.
(44) Inchauste, G., Azevedo, J., Essama-Nssah, B., Olivieri, S., & Van Nguyen, T., Saavedra-Chanduvi, J., & Winkler, H. (2014). Understanding Changes in Poverty. Washington D.C.: The World Bank Group. Recuperado de https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/19445
(45) Inchauste, G., Olivieri, S., Saavedra, J., & Winkler, H. (2012). What is Behind the Decline in Poverty? Evidence from Bangladesh, Peru and Thailand (World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 6199) Washington D. C.: World Bank.
(46) Kakwani, N., & Silber, J. (2008). Quantitative Approaches to Multidimensional Poverty Measurement. Nueva York: Palgrave Macmillan.
(47) Kakwani, N. & Subbarao, K. (2005). Ageing and Poverty in Africa and the Role of Social Pensions. Washington D.C.: The World Bank.
(48) Kidd, S., & Whitehouse, E. (2009). Pensions and Old Age Poverty. En Holzmann, R., Robalino, D., & Takayama, N. (Eds.), Closing the Coverage Gap: The Role of Social Pensions and Other Retirement Income Transfers. Washington D. C.: World Bank.
(49) Lanjow, P., Milanovic, B., & Paternoso, S. (1998). Poverty and the Economic Transition: How do Changes in Economies of Scale Affect Poverty Rates for Different Households? (Policy Research Working Papers N° 2009). Washington D. C.: The World Bank.
(50) Levy, S., & Schady, N. (2013). Latin America’s Social Policy Challenge: Education, Social Insurance, Redistribution. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 27(2), 193-218.
(51) Lloyd-Sherlock, P. (2001). Living Arrangements of Older Persons and Poverty in the Developing World. Review of Income and Wealth, 37, 345-361.
(52) Lloyd-Sherlock, P. (2000). Old Age and Poverty in Developing Countries: New Policy Challenges. World Development, 28(12), 2157-2168.
(53) Malmberg, B., Lindh, T., & Halvarsson, M. (2008). Productivity Consequences of Workforce Aging: Stagnation or Horndal Effect? Population and Development Review, 34, 238-256.
(54) Murrugarra, E. (2011). Employability and Productivity among older Workers: A Policy Framework and Evidence from Latin America (SP Discussion Paper N° 1113). Washington D. C.: World Bank.
(55) OECD (2008). Growing Unequal? Income Distribution and Poverty in OECD Countries. París: OECD.
(56) Palacios, R., & Slunchynsky, O. (2006). Social Pensions Part I: Their Role in the Overall Pension System (SP Discussion Paper N° 0601). Washington D. C.: World Bank.
(57) Perry, G., Maloney, W., Arias, O., Fajnzylber, P., Mason, A., & Saavedra-Chanduvi, J. (2007). Informality: Exit and Exclusion. Washington D. C.: World Bank.
(58) Prskawetz, A., Fent, T., & Guest, R. (2008). Workforce Aging and Labor Productivity: The Role of Supply and Demand for Labor in the G7 Countries. Population and Development Review, 34, 298-323.
(59) Rofman, R., Apella, I., & Vezza, E. (2013). Más allá de las pensiones contributivas: catorce experiencias en América Latina. Washington D. C.: World Bank.
(60) Rofman, R., & Oliveri, M. (2012). Pension Coverage in Latin America: Trends and Determinants (Social Protection & Labor Discussion Paper N° 1217). Washington D. C.: World Bank.
(61) United Nations Population Fund & HELPAGE (2012). Ageing in the Twenty-first Century: A Celebration and a Challenge. Londres: Unfpa / HelpAge.
(62) Whitehouse, E. (2000). How Poor are the Old? A Survey of Evidence from 44 Countries (SP Discussion Paper N° SP 0017). Washington D. C.: World Bank. Recuperado de http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2000/06/1620947/poor-old-survey-evidence-44-countries
(63) Zaidi, A. (2009). Poverty and Income of Older People in OECD Countries. Viena: European Centre for Social Welfare Policy and Research-United Nations.
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2016-05-27
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Oliveri, M. L. (2016). Social Pensions and Poverty in Latin America. Apuntes. Social Sciences Journal, 43(78), 121–158. https://doi.org/10.21678/apuntes.78.848
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