Analysis of scientific research groups with greater productive applicability in Brazil: capacities and interactions with firms
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21678/apuntes.82.864Keywords:
Academic-industrial collaboration; science and technology; scientific research; research workers; technological innovations; Brazil.Abstract
This paper analyzes the capacities of BR Survey Research Groups in generating science and technology, and how these groups may be associated with university-firm interactions. To this end, we perform a classification based on the diagram proposed by Stokes (2005), using the qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) statistical technique. As a primary result, we find that scientific and technological capacity on the part of the research groups is not a necessary condition for interactions with companies. Indeed, some research groups without high scientific and technological capacity make more interactions (in terms of the total amount) and yield similar values in the analysis (relative to the number of researchers) in comparison with the most qualified groups: those located in Pasteur’s quadrant.
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References
Albuquerque, E. M. (1998). Produ??o cient?fica e sistema nacional de inova??o. Ensaios FEE, 19(1), 156-180.
Albuquerque, E. M. (1999). National Systems of Innovation and Non-OCED Countries: Notes About a Rudimentary and Tentative ?Tipology?. Brazilian Journal of Political Economy, 19 (4-76), 35-52.
Albuquerque, E. M., Silva, L. A., Rapini, M. S., & Souza, S. G. A. (2005). Interactions Between Firms and Universities in an Immature System of Innovations: A Survey of Industrial R&D-Performers Firms in Minas Gerais. Texto para discusi?n N? 280. Belo Horizonte: UFMG/Cedeplar.
Arozena, R., & Sutz, J. (2001). La universidad latinoamericana del futuro: tendencias, escenarios, alternativas. M?xico: Udual.
Arza, V. (2010). Channels, Benefits and Risks of Public-Private Interactions for Knowledge Transfer: A Conceptual Framework Inspired by Latin America. Science and Public Policy, 37(7), 473-484.
Britto, G., Santos, U. P., Kruss, G., & Albuquerque, E. M. (2015). Redes globais de inova??o e intera??es universidade-empresa: uma an?lise explorat?ria de dados. Revista Brasileira de Inova-??o, 14(1), 163-191.
Bush, V. (1945). Science: The Endless Frontier. Washington: United States Government Printing Of-fice.
Caliari, T., & Rapini, M. S. (2017). Diferenciais da dist?ncia geogr?fica na intera??o universidade-empresa no Brasil: um foco sobre as caracter?sticas dos agentes e das intera??es. Nova Econo-mia. En prensa.
Caliari, T., Santos, U. P., & Mendes, P. S. (2016). Gera??o de tecnologia em universida-des/institutos de pesquisa e import?ncia da intera??o com empresas: constata??es atrav?s da base de dados dos grupos de pesquisa do CNPQ. An?lise Econ?mica, 34, 285-312.
Carneiro, S. J., & Louren?o, R. (2003). P?s-gradua??o e pesquisa na universidade. En E. B. Viotti, & M. Macedo (Orgs.). Indicadores de Ci?ncia, Tecnologia e Inova??o no Brasil (pp. 169-227). Campi-nas: Editora da Unicamp.
Chiarini, T., Oliveira, V. P., & Silva Neto, F. C. C. (2013). Spatial Distribution of Scientific Activi-ties: An Exploratory Analysis of Brazil, 2000-10. Science and Public Policy, 41, 625-640.
Chiarini, T., Rapini, M. S., & Vieira, K. P. (2014). Produ??o de novos conhecimentos nas univer-sidades federais e as pol?ticas p?blicas brasileiras recentes de CT&I. Revista Economia & Tecnolo-gia, 10, 71-98.
Chiarini, T., & Vieira, K. P. (2011). Alinhamento das atividades de pesquisa cient?fica e tecnol?gi-ca realizadas pelas IES federais de Minas Gerais e as diretrizes da pol?tica industrial, tecnol?gi-ca e de com?rcio exterior? Pitce. Revista Brasileira de Inova??o, 10, 301-342.
Chiarini, T., Vieira, K. P. (2012a). As universidades federais mineiras est?o se tornando mais de-siguais? An?lise da produ??o de pesquisa cient?fica e conhecimento (2000-2008). Revista Educa-??o e Pesquisa, 38(4), 897-918.
Chiarini, T., & Vieira, K. P. (2012b). Universidades como produtoras de conhecimento para o desenvolvimento econ?mico: sistema superior de ensino e as pol?ticas de CT&I. Revista Brasi-leira de Economia, 66, 117-132.
Cruz, C. H. B. (2004). A universidade, a empresa e a pesquisa. En Semin?rio Brasil em Desenvolvimento da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, R?o de Janeiro. Recuperado de <a href="http://www.ifi.unicamp.br/~brito/artigos/univ-empr-pesq-rev102003b.pdf">http://www.ifi.unicamp.br/~brito/artigos/univ-empr-pesq-rev102003b.pdf</a>
Cruz, C. H. D. B. (2014). ?Ci?ncia: a fronteira sem fim?, uma apresenta??o. Revista Brasileira de Inova??o, 13(2), 241-247.
Dagnino, R. (2003). A rela??o universidade-empresa no Brasil e o ?argumento da h?lice tripla?. Revista Brasileira de Inova??o, 2(2), 267-307.
Dasgupta, P., & David, P. A. (1994). Toward a New Economics of Science. Research Policy, 23, 487-521.
Dutrenit, G., & Arza, V. (2010). Channels and Benefits of Interactions Between Public Research Organisations and Industry: Comparing Four Latin American Countries. Science and Public Poli-cy, 37(7), 541-553.
Esteves, L. A., & Meirelles. J. G. P. (2009). Innovation and Cooperation Between Firms and Universities: Evidence from Brazil. En Third Conference on Micro Evidence on Innovation and Develop-ment, Meide. R?o de Janeiro, Brasil.
Fernandes, A. C, Campello de Souza, B., Stamford da Silva, A., Suzigan, W., & Albuquerque, E. (2010). Academy-Industry Links in Brazil: Evidence About Channels and Benefits for Firms and Researchers. Science and Public Policy, 37(7), 485-918.
Freeman, C., & Soete, L. (1974/2008). A economia da inova??o industrial. Campinas, SP: Editora da Unicamp.
Friedman, J., & Silberman, J. (2003). University Technology Transfer: Do Incentives, Manage-ment, and Location Matter? The Journal of Technology Transfer, 28(1), 17-30.
Hagedoorn, J., Link, A. N., & Vonortas, N. S. (2000). Research Partnerships. Research Policy, (29), 567-586.
Harmon, B., Ardishvili, J., Cardozo, R., Elder, T., Leuthold, J., Parshall, J., Raghian, M., & Smith, D. (1997). Mapping the University Technology Transfer Process. Journal of Business Venturing, 12(6), 423-434.
Kline, S. J., & Rosenberg, N. (1986). An Overview of Innovation. En R. E. Landau, & N. Ros-enberg (Orgs.). The Positive Sum Strategy: Harnessing Technology for Economic Growth (pp. 275-306). Washington: National Academy Press.
Longest, K. C., Vaisey. S., & Fuzzy: (2008). A Program for Performing Qualitative Comparative Analyses (QCA) in Stata. The Stata Journal, 8(1), 79-104.
Markmana, G. D., Gianiodisa, P. T., Phanb, P. H., & Balkinc, D. B. (2005). Innovation Speed: Transferring University Technology to Market. Research Policy, 34(7), 1058-1075.
Marques, R. A., Freitas, I. M. B., & Silva, E. M. P. (2007). Colabora??o com universidade e as atividades para inova??o de empresas brasileiras. Engevista, 9(2), 112-128.
Marx, K. (1890/1985). O capital: cr?tica da economia pol?tica. Livro 1, O processo de produ??o do capital (10.a ed.). S?o Paulo: Difel Difus?o Editorial.
Mazzoleni, R. (2005). Historical Patterns in the Coevolution of Higher Education. Public Research and Nation-al Industrial Capabilities. Viena: Unido.
Mazzoleni, R., & Nelson, R. (2005). The Roles of Research at Universities and Public Labs in Economic Catch Up. Pisa: Laboratory of Economics and Management Sant?Anna School of Advanced Studies.
Mello, J. M. C., Maculan, A. M., & Renault, T. (2009). Brazilian Universities and their Contribu-tion to Innovation and Development. En B. Goransson, & C. Brundenius (Orgs.). Developing Universities: The Changing Role of Academic Institutions in Development (pp. 1-25). Londres: Routledge e IDRC.
Mowery. D., & Sampat. B. (2005). Universities in National Innovation Systems. En J. Fagerberg, D. Mowery, & Nelson. R. The Oxford Handbook of Innovation. Oxford University Press.
Nelson, R. (1959). The Simple Economics of Basic Scientific Research. Journal of Political Economy, 67, 297-306.
Nelson, R. R. (1982). The Role of Knowledge in R&D Efficiency. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 97(3), 453-470.
Noble, D. F. (1979). America by Design: Science, Technology, and the Rise of Corporate Capitalism. Nueva York: Oxford University Press.
Pavitt, K. (1991). What Makes Basic Research Economically Useful? Research Policy, 20, 109-119.
P?voa, L. C., & Rapini, M. S. (diciembre, 2009). Technology Transfer from Universities and Pub-lic Research Institutes to Firms in Brazil: What is Transferred and How the Transfer is Made. En Encontro Nacional de Economia, 37. Anpec, Foz do Igua?u, Brasil.
Ragin, C. C. (1987). The Comparative Method. Moving Beyond Qualitative and Quantitative Strategies. Berke-ley, Los ?ngeles y Londres: University of California Press.
Ragin, C. C. (2006). Set Relations in Social Research: Evaluating the Consistency and Coverage. Political Analysis, (14), 291-310.
Rapini, M. S. (2007a). Intera??o universidade-empresa no Brasil: evid?ncias do diret?rio dos gru-pos de pesquisa do CNPQ. Estudos Econ?micos, 37, 211-233.
Rapini, M. S., Suzigan, W., Fernandes, A. C., Domingues, E., Carvalho, S. S. M., & Chaves, C. V. (2007b). O diret?rio dos grupos de pesquisa do CNPQ e a intera??o universidade-empresa no Brasil: uma proposta metodol?gica de investiga??o. Revista de Economia Contempor?nea, 11(1), 99-117.
Rapini, M. S., Suzigan, W., Fernandes, A. C., Domingues, E., Carvalho, S. S. M., & Chaves, C. V. (2009). A contribui??o das universidades e institutos de pesquisa para o sistema de inova??o brasileira. En Encontro Nacional de Economia, 37. Anpec, Foz do Igua?u, Brasil.
Rapini, M. S., Chiarini, T., & Bittencourt, P. F. (2015). University-Firm Interactions in Brazil: Be-yond Human Resources and Training Missions. Industry & Higher Education, 29, 111-127.
Rapini, M. S., Oliveira, V. P., & Caliari, T. (2016). Como a intera??o universidade-empresa ? re-munerada no Brasil: evid?ncias dos grupos de pesquisa do CNPQ. Revista Brasileira de Inova??o, 15(2), 219-246.
Rapini, M. S., Oliveira, V. P., & Silva Neto, F. C. C. (2014) A natureza do financiamento influencia na intera??o universidade-empresa no Brasil? Revista Brasileira de Inova??o, 13(1), 77-107.
Rapini, M. S., & Righi, H. M. (2006). O diret?rio dos grupos de pesquisa do CNPQ e a intera??o universidade-empresa no Brasil em 2004. Revista Brasileira de Inova??o, 5(1), 131-156.
Renault, T., Mello, J. M. C., & Carvalho, R. (2008). Universities, Organizational Structure of the Research Activity and the Spin-Off Formation: Lessons from the Brazilian Case. En XXV IASP World Conference. Anpec, Johannesburgo, Sud?frica.
Ribeiro, L. C., Albuquerque, E., Franco, L. M., & Moura, I. A. (2009). The Scientific and Techno-logical Trajectories of Four Latin American Countries: Mexico, Costa Rica, Argentina and Brazil [borrador]. Belo Horizonte: Cedeplar y UFMG.
Rihoux, B., & Ragin, C. C. (2009). Configurational Comparative Methods: Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) and Related Techniques. Applied Social Research Method Series. California: Sage Publications.
Rosenberg, N. (1974). Karl Marx on the Economic Role of Science. Journal of Political Economy, 82(4), 713-728.
Rosenberg, N. (1990). Why do Firms do Basic (With their Own Money)? Research Policy, 19(2), 165-174.
Schaeffer, P. R., Ruffoni, J., & Puffal, D. (2015). Raz?es, benef?cios e dificuldades da intera??o universidade-empresa. Revista Brasileira de Inova??o, 14(1), 105-134.
Schumpeter, J. A. (1911/1985). A teoria do desenvolvimento econ?mico. Uma investiga??o sobre lucros, capital, cr?dito, juro e o ciclo econ?mico. S?o Paulo: Nova Cultural.
Schumpeter, J. A. (1928). The Instability of Capitalism. The Economic Journal, 38(151), 361-383.
Schumpeter, J. A. (1942/2008). Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy. Nueva York: Harper Perennial Modern Thought.
Shane, S. (2002). Selling University Technology: Patterns from MIT. Management Science, 48(1), 122-137.
Stokes, D. E. (1997/2005). O quadrante de Pasteur. A ci?ncia b?sica e a inova??o tecnol?gica. Campinas, SP: Editora da Unicamp.
Suzigan, W., & Albuquerque, E. M. (agosto, 2009). The Underestimated Role of Universities for Development: Notes on Historical Roots of Brazilian System of Innovation. En World Eco-nomic History Congress, 15. International Economic History Association. Utrecht, Pa?ses Bajos.
Tether, B. (2002). Who Co-operates for Innovation, and Why: An Empirical Analysis. Research Policy, (31), 947-967.
Tobin, J. (1958). Estimation of Relationships for Limited Dependent Variables. Econometrica, 26(1), 24-36.
Wright, M., Birley, S., & Mosey, S. (2004). Entrepreneurship and University Technology Transfer. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 29(3-4), 235-246.
Albuquerque, E. M. (1999). National Systems of Innovation and Non-OCED Countries: Notes About a Rudimentary and Tentative ?Tipology?. Brazilian Journal of Political Economy, 19 (4-76), 35-52.
Albuquerque, E. M., Silva, L. A., Rapini, M. S., & Souza, S. G. A. (2005). Interactions Between Firms and Universities in an Immature System of Innovations: A Survey of Industrial R&D-Performers Firms in Minas Gerais. Texto para discusi?n N? 280. Belo Horizonte: UFMG/Cedeplar.
Arozena, R., & Sutz, J. (2001). La universidad latinoamericana del futuro: tendencias, escenarios, alternativas. M?xico: Udual.
Arza, V. (2010). Channels, Benefits and Risks of Public-Private Interactions for Knowledge Transfer: A Conceptual Framework Inspired by Latin America. Science and Public Policy, 37(7), 473-484.
Britto, G., Santos, U. P., Kruss, G., & Albuquerque, E. M. (2015). Redes globais de inova??o e intera??es universidade-empresa: uma an?lise explorat?ria de dados. Revista Brasileira de Inova-??o, 14(1), 163-191.
Bush, V. (1945). Science: The Endless Frontier. Washington: United States Government Printing Of-fice.
Caliari, T., & Rapini, M. S. (2017). Diferenciais da dist?ncia geogr?fica na intera??o universidade-empresa no Brasil: um foco sobre as caracter?sticas dos agentes e das intera??es. Nova Econo-mia. En prensa.
Caliari, T., Santos, U. P., & Mendes, P. S. (2016). Gera??o de tecnologia em universida-des/institutos de pesquisa e import?ncia da intera??o com empresas: constata??es atrav?s da base de dados dos grupos de pesquisa do CNPQ. An?lise Econ?mica, 34, 285-312.
Carneiro, S. J., & Louren?o, R. (2003). P?s-gradua??o e pesquisa na universidade. En E. B. Viotti, & M. Macedo (Orgs.). Indicadores de Ci?ncia, Tecnologia e Inova??o no Brasil (pp. 169-227). Campi-nas: Editora da Unicamp.
Chiarini, T., Oliveira, V. P., & Silva Neto, F. C. C. (2013). Spatial Distribution of Scientific Activi-ties: An Exploratory Analysis of Brazil, 2000-10. Science and Public Policy, 41, 625-640.
Chiarini, T., Rapini, M. S., & Vieira, K. P. (2014). Produ??o de novos conhecimentos nas univer-sidades federais e as pol?ticas p?blicas brasileiras recentes de CT&I. Revista Economia & Tecnolo-gia, 10, 71-98.
Chiarini, T., & Vieira, K. P. (2011). Alinhamento das atividades de pesquisa cient?fica e tecnol?gi-ca realizadas pelas IES federais de Minas Gerais e as diretrizes da pol?tica industrial, tecnol?gi-ca e de com?rcio exterior? Pitce. Revista Brasileira de Inova??o, 10, 301-342.
Chiarini, T., Vieira, K. P. (2012a). As universidades federais mineiras est?o se tornando mais de-siguais? An?lise da produ??o de pesquisa cient?fica e conhecimento (2000-2008). Revista Educa-??o e Pesquisa, 38(4), 897-918.
Chiarini, T., & Vieira, K. P. (2012b). Universidades como produtoras de conhecimento para o desenvolvimento econ?mico: sistema superior de ensino e as pol?ticas de CT&I. Revista Brasi-leira de Economia, 66, 117-132.
Cruz, C. H. B. (2004). A universidade, a empresa e a pesquisa. En Semin?rio Brasil em Desenvolvimento da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, R?o de Janeiro. Recuperado de <a href="http://www.ifi.unicamp.br/~brito/artigos/univ-empr-pesq-rev102003b.pdf">http://www.ifi.unicamp.br/~brito/artigos/univ-empr-pesq-rev102003b.pdf</a>
Cruz, C. H. D. B. (2014). ?Ci?ncia: a fronteira sem fim?, uma apresenta??o. Revista Brasileira de Inova??o, 13(2), 241-247.
Dagnino, R. (2003). A rela??o universidade-empresa no Brasil e o ?argumento da h?lice tripla?. Revista Brasileira de Inova??o, 2(2), 267-307.
Dasgupta, P., & David, P. A. (1994). Toward a New Economics of Science. Research Policy, 23, 487-521.
Dutrenit, G., & Arza, V. (2010). Channels and Benefits of Interactions Between Public Research Organisations and Industry: Comparing Four Latin American Countries. Science and Public Poli-cy, 37(7), 541-553.
Esteves, L. A., & Meirelles. J. G. P. (2009). Innovation and Cooperation Between Firms and Universities: Evidence from Brazil. En Third Conference on Micro Evidence on Innovation and Develop-ment, Meide. R?o de Janeiro, Brasil.
Fernandes, A. C, Campello de Souza, B., Stamford da Silva, A., Suzigan, W., & Albuquerque, E. (2010). Academy-Industry Links in Brazil: Evidence About Channels and Benefits for Firms and Researchers. Science and Public Policy, 37(7), 485-918.
Freeman, C., & Soete, L. (1974/2008). A economia da inova??o industrial. Campinas, SP: Editora da Unicamp.
Friedman, J., & Silberman, J. (2003). University Technology Transfer: Do Incentives, Manage-ment, and Location Matter? The Journal of Technology Transfer, 28(1), 17-30.
Hagedoorn, J., Link, A. N., & Vonortas, N. S. (2000). Research Partnerships. Research Policy, (29), 567-586.
Harmon, B., Ardishvili, J., Cardozo, R., Elder, T., Leuthold, J., Parshall, J., Raghian, M., & Smith, D. (1997). Mapping the University Technology Transfer Process. Journal of Business Venturing, 12(6), 423-434.
Kline, S. J., & Rosenberg, N. (1986). An Overview of Innovation. En R. E. Landau, & N. Ros-enberg (Orgs.). The Positive Sum Strategy: Harnessing Technology for Economic Growth (pp. 275-306). Washington: National Academy Press.
Longest, K. C., Vaisey. S., & Fuzzy: (2008). A Program for Performing Qualitative Comparative Analyses (QCA) in Stata. The Stata Journal, 8(1), 79-104.
Markmana, G. D., Gianiodisa, P. T., Phanb, P. H., & Balkinc, D. B. (2005). Innovation Speed: Transferring University Technology to Market. Research Policy, 34(7), 1058-1075.
Marques, R. A., Freitas, I. M. B., & Silva, E. M. P. (2007). Colabora??o com universidade e as atividades para inova??o de empresas brasileiras. Engevista, 9(2), 112-128.
Marx, K. (1890/1985). O capital: cr?tica da economia pol?tica. Livro 1, O processo de produ??o do capital (10.a ed.). S?o Paulo: Difel Difus?o Editorial.
Mazzoleni, R. (2005). Historical Patterns in the Coevolution of Higher Education. Public Research and Nation-al Industrial Capabilities. Viena: Unido.
Mazzoleni, R., & Nelson, R. (2005). The Roles of Research at Universities and Public Labs in Economic Catch Up. Pisa: Laboratory of Economics and Management Sant?Anna School of Advanced Studies.
Mello, J. M. C., Maculan, A. M., & Renault, T. (2009). Brazilian Universities and their Contribu-tion to Innovation and Development. En B. Goransson, & C. Brundenius (Orgs.). Developing Universities: The Changing Role of Academic Institutions in Development (pp. 1-25). Londres: Routledge e IDRC.
Mowery. D., & Sampat. B. (2005). Universities in National Innovation Systems. En J. Fagerberg, D. Mowery, & Nelson. R. The Oxford Handbook of Innovation. Oxford University Press.
Nelson, R. (1959). The Simple Economics of Basic Scientific Research. Journal of Political Economy, 67, 297-306.
Nelson, R. R. (1982). The Role of Knowledge in R&D Efficiency. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 97(3), 453-470.
Noble, D. F. (1979). America by Design: Science, Technology, and the Rise of Corporate Capitalism. Nueva York: Oxford University Press.
Pavitt, K. (1991). What Makes Basic Research Economically Useful? Research Policy, 20, 109-119.
P?voa, L. C., & Rapini, M. S. (diciembre, 2009). Technology Transfer from Universities and Pub-lic Research Institutes to Firms in Brazil: What is Transferred and How the Transfer is Made. En Encontro Nacional de Economia, 37. Anpec, Foz do Igua?u, Brasil.
Ragin, C. C. (1987). The Comparative Method. Moving Beyond Qualitative and Quantitative Strategies. Berke-ley, Los ?ngeles y Londres: University of California Press.
Ragin, C. C. (2006). Set Relations in Social Research: Evaluating the Consistency and Coverage. Political Analysis, (14), 291-310.
Rapini, M. S. (2007a). Intera??o universidade-empresa no Brasil: evid?ncias do diret?rio dos gru-pos de pesquisa do CNPQ. Estudos Econ?micos, 37, 211-233.
Rapini, M. S., Suzigan, W., Fernandes, A. C., Domingues, E., Carvalho, S. S. M., & Chaves, C. V. (2007b). O diret?rio dos grupos de pesquisa do CNPQ e a intera??o universidade-empresa no Brasil: uma proposta metodol?gica de investiga??o. Revista de Economia Contempor?nea, 11(1), 99-117.
Rapini, M. S., Suzigan, W., Fernandes, A. C., Domingues, E., Carvalho, S. S. M., & Chaves, C. V. (2009). A contribui??o das universidades e institutos de pesquisa para o sistema de inova??o brasileira. En Encontro Nacional de Economia, 37. Anpec, Foz do Igua?u, Brasil.
Rapini, M. S., Chiarini, T., & Bittencourt, P. F. (2015). University-Firm Interactions in Brazil: Be-yond Human Resources and Training Missions. Industry & Higher Education, 29, 111-127.
Rapini, M. S., Oliveira, V. P., & Caliari, T. (2016). Como a intera??o universidade-empresa ? re-munerada no Brasil: evid?ncias dos grupos de pesquisa do CNPQ. Revista Brasileira de Inova??o, 15(2), 219-246.
Rapini, M. S., Oliveira, V. P., & Silva Neto, F. C. C. (2014) A natureza do financiamento influencia na intera??o universidade-empresa no Brasil? Revista Brasileira de Inova??o, 13(1), 77-107.
Rapini, M. S., & Righi, H. M. (2006). O diret?rio dos grupos de pesquisa do CNPQ e a intera??o universidade-empresa no Brasil em 2004. Revista Brasileira de Inova??o, 5(1), 131-156.
Renault, T., Mello, J. M. C., & Carvalho, R. (2008). Universities, Organizational Structure of the Research Activity and the Spin-Off Formation: Lessons from the Brazilian Case. En XXV IASP World Conference. Anpec, Johannesburgo, Sud?frica.
Ribeiro, L. C., Albuquerque, E., Franco, L. M., & Moura, I. A. (2009). The Scientific and Techno-logical Trajectories of Four Latin American Countries: Mexico, Costa Rica, Argentina and Brazil [borrador]. Belo Horizonte: Cedeplar y UFMG.
Rihoux, B., & Ragin, C. C. (2009). Configurational Comparative Methods: Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) and Related Techniques. Applied Social Research Method Series. California: Sage Publications.
Rosenberg, N. (1974). Karl Marx on the Economic Role of Science. Journal of Political Economy, 82(4), 713-728.
Rosenberg, N. (1990). Why do Firms do Basic (With their Own Money)? Research Policy, 19(2), 165-174.
Schaeffer, P. R., Ruffoni, J., & Puffal, D. (2015). Raz?es, benef?cios e dificuldades da intera??o universidade-empresa. Revista Brasileira de Inova??o, 14(1), 105-134.
Schumpeter, J. A. (1911/1985). A teoria do desenvolvimento econ?mico. Uma investiga??o sobre lucros, capital, cr?dito, juro e o ciclo econ?mico. S?o Paulo: Nova Cultural.
Schumpeter, J. A. (1928). The Instability of Capitalism. The Economic Journal, 38(151), 361-383.
Schumpeter, J. A. (1942/2008). Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy. Nueva York: Harper Perennial Modern Thought.
Shane, S. (2002). Selling University Technology: Patterns from MIT. Management Science, 48(1), 122-137.
Stokes, D. E. (1997/2005). O quadrante de Pasteur. A ci?ncia b?sica e a inova??o tecnol?gica. Campinas, SP: Editora da Unicamp.
Suzigan, W., & Albuquerque, E. M. (agosto, 2009). The Underestimated Role of Universities for Development: Notes on Historical Roots of Brazilian System of Innovation. En World Eco-nomic History Congress, 15. International Economic History Association. Utrecht, Pa?ses Bajos.
Tether, B. (2002). Who Co-operates for Innovation, and Why: An Empirical Analysis. Research Policy, (31), 947-967.
Tobin, J. (1958). Estimation of Relationships for Limited Dependent Variables. Econometrica, 26(1), 24-36.
Wright, M., Birley, S., & Mosey, S. (2004). Entrepreneurship and University Technology Transfer. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 29(3-4), 235-246.
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2018-05-18
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Caliari, T., & Chiarini, T. (2018). Analysis of scientific research groups with greater productive applicability in Brazil: capacities and interactions with firms. Apuntes. Social Sciences Journal, 45(82), 71–98. https://doi.org/10.21678/apuntes.82.864
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Apuntes publishes all its articles and reviews under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license with the objective of promoting academic exchange worldwide. Therefore, articles and book reviews can be distributed, edited, amended, etc., as the author sees fit. The only condition is that the name of the author(s) and Apuntes. Revista de Ciencias Sociales (as the publisher) be cited.
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