Influencia de la corrupción y la COVID-19 sobre el crecimiento económico de América Latina
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https://doi.org/10.21678/apuntes.101.2450Palabras clave:
corrupción, COVID-19, crecimiento económico, América LatinaResumen
Durante las dos primeras décadas del siglo XXI, América Latina, en el marco de una desaceleración del crecimiento del producto bruto interno per cápita, presentó, en un sentido relativamente opuesto, dos fenómenos de gran trascendencia: el aumento de la corrupción y la pandemia de COVID-19. En ese escenario, el nivel y la evolución de estas variables mostraron una gran heterogeneidad regional entre los países. En razón de ello, la presente investigación tiene como objetivo fundamental determinar la influencia de la corrupción sobre el crecimiento económico de los países de América Latina. Asimismo, especificar si existe una de relación de causalidad unidireccional o bidireccional entre ambos. Cabe indicar que parte de este objetivo es también determinar el impacto de la COVID-19 sobre el citado crecimiento económico. Para la consecución de los objetivos formulados, con información de datos de panel, se efectuaron regresiones econométricas con los modelos de MCO agrupado, efectos fijos, aleatorios y mixtos. Por otro lado, mediante el test de Granger, se llegó a especificar el tipo de causalidad existente entre la corrupción y el crecimiento. Según el resultado obtenido por el modelo de efectos aleatorios, que fue elegido como el modelo más apropiado, la corrupción afectó negativamente el proceso de crecimiento económico de América Latina, de manera que, por cada punto de incremento en el índice de corrupción, se produjo aproximadamente una caída del 2% en el producto bruto interno per cápita. El test de causalidad de Granger, por su parte, indicó la existencia de una fuerte causalidad que va desde la corrupción hacia el crecimiento económico y de una causalidad débil en sentido inverso, es decir, del crecimiento económico hacia la corrupción. En consecuencia, la relación entre ambas variables puede caracterizarse como ligeramente bidireccional. Asimismo, se llegó a determinar la existencia de una relación inversa entre la magnitud de la COVID-19 y el crecimiento económico. Así, los países latinoamericanos que experimentaron la mayor caída en su nivel de producción fueron aquellos afectados por la pandemia de COVID-19 de mayor intensidad.
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