Vol. 47 No. 86 (2020): Apuntes 86

This issue of Apuntes includes eight articles. The first examines interest among part of the Peruvian elite in modernizing public education at the beginning of the 20^th century. The next article identifies the characteristics of cooperativism that make it an appropriate space for youth training and labor inclusion in Argentina. The third study provides a multidimensional measure of youth poverty in five regions of Brazil; the most important indicators found were access to the internet, educational level, access to a sewage network, and garbage collection. The fourth article analyzes the impact on the Peruvian textile industry of the 1929 textile crisis and the importation of Japanese textiles in the 1930s. In turn, the fifth reflects on the results achieved by Peruvian students in science, math, and reading tests in the PISA 2015 round; the author emphasizes the impact of socioeconomic and socioeconomic composition on academic performance. The sixth article debates the relative merits of open and closed lists for the election of women, describing different systems used in congressional and municipal elections in Peru, and examining gendered disparities between Lima and the provinces from a gender perspective. The seventh study measures the decent work variable in self-managed cooperatives in Costa Rica. Finally, the eighth article estimates the impact of the Pension 65 program on per capita expenditures on food in Peru in 2017-2018, finding a significant increase in food spending in the households that benefit from the program.